The Second War for Independence? The War of 1812 Ms. Lambly U.S. I Rm. 415

Review of pre-War European tensions 1806-Orders of Council (British) – All ships going to Europe needed British licenses and would be searched for contraband – Response: Napoleon declared that merchants who obeyed the British system would have their goods confiscated

Embargo Act 1807

Impressment : act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, and/or men and forcing them into your navy---- British and French impressment

Economic Pressures Non-Intercourse Act: forbade trade with France and Britain while authorizing Madison to reopen trade with whichever country removed its trade restrictions first

Macon’s Bill # 2: reopened trade with both Britain and France -If either agreed to drop restrictions on trade U.S. would stop importing goods from the other nation Napoleon announced France would no longer restrict American trade Britain cont’d. restrictions- Congress passed a non- importation act against Britain 1811 June 1812-British ended all restrictions on trade BUT Congress had already declared war on Great Britain

Members of Congress who supported war:Members of Congress who supported war: Henry Clay (Kentucky)Henry Clay (Kentucky) John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina)John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina) South and West wanted war:South and West wanted war: British trade hurt southern planters and western farmersBritish trade hurt southern planters and western farmers Clashes with Native Americans blamed on BritishClashes with Native Americans blamed on British War Hawks

General William Henry Harrison  governor of the Indiana TerritoryGeneral William Henry Harrison  governor of the Indiana Territory Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelandsTecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands Native Americans lost confidence and fled (many to Canada)Native Americans lost confidence and fled (many to Canada) Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

Invasion of Canada The nation was not ready to fight – Army-fewer than 7,000 troops and little equipment – Navy-16 ships – Deep divisions Paying for the war – BUS-shut down: no where to get money from, private banks in NE American military leaders plan to attack Canada from 3 directions (failed) – Detroit – Niagara falls – Up the Hudson River Valley

Aerican Problems The War Ends 1814 Napoleon’s empire collapses: Britain focuses on America – New Strategy: British navy would raid American cities, march into NY from Montreal (cut New England off), and seize New Orleans and close off Mississippi Aug British attack D.C. burned the White House and Capitol US ready in Baltimore-caused British to flee Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

Gave proof through the night, That our flag was still there.. Feelings of nationalism increased

Hartford Convention Federalists met to discuss what they could do independently Members of the Essex Junto (group of New England Federalists) suggested secession Several amendments were called for to increase regional power

The Battle of New Orleans, 1815 Andrew Jackson-cotton bale defense

Treaty of Ghent Signed December 24 th 1814 Restored pre-war boundaries (did not mention neutral rights or impressment) Increased U.S. prestige and nationalism

In Conclusion: Defend or refute the following statement (with supporting details)!!! The War of 1812 was the second war for American Independence