Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 5.2: The U.S. Navy in the Napoleonic Era,

Enabling Objectives UNDERSTAND the historical context for the time period as it relates to U.S. history.UNDERSTAND the historical context for the time period as it relates to U.S. history. EXPLAIN the influence of European events upon American Trade.EXPLAIN the influence of European events upon American Trade. IDENTIFY the causes and operations of the Quasi-War with France.IDENTIFY the causes and operations of the Quasi-War with France. DESCRIBE the “Battle of Annihilation and Guerre de Course.”DESCRIBE the “Battle of Annihilation and Guerre de Course.” DESCRIBE the background of Jefferson’s defensive naval strategy.DESCRIBE the background of Jefferson’s defensive naval strategy.

Enabling Objectives RECALL operations against the Barbary corsairs.RECALL operations against the Barbary corsairs. EXPLAIN the effect of the European war on the War of 1812.EXPLAIN the effect of the European war on the War of DEFINE U.S. and British Naval strategies during the War of 1812.DEFINE U.S. and British Naval strategies during the War of EXPLAIN the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812.EXPLAIN the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812.

A New Government and a New Navy All Continental Navy warships decommissioned All Continental Navy warships decommissioned U.S. Constitution ratified1788- U.S. Constitution ratified –“The Congress shall have Power To provide and maintain a Navy.” –5 years after Constitution signed, merchant shipping triples. Federalists vs. RepublicansFederalists vs. Republicans

Rebirth of the U.S. Navy Navy Act of 1794Navy Act of 1794 –Six frigates authorized –Cancellation Clause –1797: United States, 44, Constellation, 36, and Constitution, 44 completed. 1798: Department of the Navy established1798: Department of the Navy established Guerre de course vs Guerre de escadreGuerre de course vs Guerre de escadre

Quasi War with France, Commodore Thomas Truxton USS Constellation and the Insurgente “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”

Jeffersonian Naval Policy Large reductions in Naval funding.Large reductions in Naval funding. –Reduced federal taxation and spending. –Inward expansion Louisiana Purchase. Only 13 Navy ships sold except 13 frigates.Only 13 Navy ships sold except 13 frigates. Jefferson’s “Gunboat” Navy - a strictly defensive strategy.Jefferson’s “Gunboat” Navy - a strictly defensive strategy. –Static and weak defense of American coast. –Floating gun platforms - reduced maneuverability.

Barbary Wars War against the Barbary States begins:War against the Barbary States begins: –Tripoli demands $200K for peace. –Jefferson sends frigates instead. Commodore Edward PrebleCommodore Edward Preble –“Preble’s Boys” will command ships in the War of “This is the United States ship Constitution, 44 guns, Edward Preble, an American commodore who will be damned before he sends his boat onboard any vessel! Blow your matches boys!”

1804: USS Philadelphia held under Tripoli’s guns. 1804: USS Philadelphia held under Tripoli’s guns. Lieutenant Stephen DecaturLieutenant Stephen Decatur Promoted to CAPT at age 25 & 2 months extra pay for crew.Promoted to CAPT at age 25 & 2 months extra pay for crew. Marines march on Tripoli.Marines march on Tripoli. “The most daring act of the age.” - Admiral Horatio Nelson Barbary Wars

“England expects that every man will do his duty.” French Empire established under Napoleon.French Empire established under Napoleon. Napoleon’s France (Land Power) versus Coalitions.Napoleon’s France (Land Power) versus Coalitions France severely weakened at sea by defeat at Trafalgar France severely weakened at sea by defeat at Trafalgar Napoleon defeated1814- Napoleon defeated –Effect on U.S.?

The Clouds of War Form 1807: Chesapeake-Leopard Affair1807: Chesapeake-Leopard Affair – Neutral rights and sanctity of a warship. President Madison President Madison ImpressmentImpressment –British seizure of U.S. Sailors. New England vs “War Hawks”New England vs “War Hawks” “Never since the Battle of Lexington have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation.” - Thomas Jefferson

The War of 1812 ( ) –British impressment of U.S. sailors –U.S. declares war against England –U.S. unsuccessfully invades Canada – Aug: British forces raid Chesapeake Washington DC burned Washington DC burned – Sep: Baltimore -Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key pens the Star Spangled Banner. Francis Scott Key pens the Star Spangled Banner. – Naval Lesson: Gunboats ineffective for coastal defense.

U.S. Naval VictoriesU.S. Naval Victories – USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere – USS United States vs HMS Macedonian – USS Constitution vs HMS Java –The Navy increases morale during the war and post-war support for the Naval service. The War of 1812 ( )

“We have met the enemy and they are ours.” The Battle of Lake ErieThe Battle of Lake Erie Commodore Oliver Hazard PerryCommodore Oliver Hazard Perry Ft. Detroit cut off from supplies.Ft. Detroit cut off from supplies. Oregon and Michigan territories secured.Oregon and Michigan territories secured. Battle of Lake ChamplainBattle of Lake Champlain Commodore Thomas MacDonoughCommodore Thomas MacDonough Prevented British invasion of New York from Canada.Prevented British invasion of New York from Canada.

Battle History Video Chapter 1 "Born Into War", Time 06: :02Chapter 1 "Born Into War", Time 06: :02

Enabling Objectives UNDERSTAND the historical context for the time period as it relates to U.S. history.UNDERSTAND the historical context for the time period as it relates to U.S. history. EXPLAIN the influence of European events upon American Trade.EXPLAIN the influence of European events upon American Trade. IDENTIFY the causes and operations of the Quasi-War with France.IDENTIFY the causes and operations of the Quasi-War with France. DESCRIBE the “Battle of Annihilation and Guerre de Course.”DESCRIBE the “Battle of Annihilation and Guerre de Course.” DESCRIBE the background of Jefferson’s defensive naval strategy.DESCRIBE the background of Jefferson’s defensive naval strategy.

Enabling Objectives RECALL operations against the Barbary corsairs.RECALL operations against the Barbary corsairs. EXPLAIN the effect of the European war on the War of 1812.EXPLAIN the effect of the European war on the War of DEFINE U.S. and British Naval strategies during the War of 1812.DEFINE U.S. and British Naval strategies during the War of EXPLAIN the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812.EXPLAIN the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812.

Questions?