1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Chapter 9-3 & 9-4 Essential Question: What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812?

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People tribute – money paid by one country to another in return for protection Stephen Decatur – led a group of American sailors in a battle to protect the warship Philadelphia against pirates embargo – a government order that forbids foreign trade smuggle – the act of illegally importing or exporting goods

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did Jefferson respond to threats to the security of the nation? Trade with Europe was critical to the American economy. United States Europe crops and natural resources manufactured goods

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Pirates from the North African Barbary States began attacking American ships. America paid money to the rulers of the Barbary States. The Barbary pirates stopped attacking American ships. At first, America paid tribute, as other nations did.

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Pirates from the Barbary State of Tripoli captured the American ship, Philadelphia. Jefferson stopped paying tribute. He sent warships to protect American merchant ships. American sailors led by Stephen Decatur burned the Philadelphia so the pirates could not use it. This victory and others inspired confidence in America’s ability to deal with foreign threats.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A greater threat to America came from Britain and France. United States In 1803, Britain and France were at war. The United States remained neutral and profited by trading with both nations. FranceBritain

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Britain and France weakened each other by cutting off each other’s foreign trade. France seized American ships trading with Britain. BritainFrance Britain did the same to ships trading with France. U.S.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Once again, Britain used impressment to gather soldiers for the war with France. Thousands of Americans were forced to serve in the British navy. Britain U.S.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Jefferson used a peaceful method to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality. Jefferson predicted that the embargo would stop Britain and France from attacking American ships. Embargo Act of 1807.He imposed an embargo on American ships sailing to foreign ports. Embargo forbids foreign trade foreign trade

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Despite Jefferson’s efforts to defend the embargo, the law was not popular.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. American exports declined. The embargo hurt America in many ways. Prices of American crops declined. Many Americans lost their jobs. Merchants turned to smuggling to survive. embargo

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809, just before Jefferson left office. Congress passed a new law that reopened trade with all countries except France and Britain. America would reopen trade with those countries when they started respecting America’s neutrality.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. As American settlers moved west, they took over Native American lands. Also during this period, tens of thousands of American settlers moved westward.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many died from new diseases. They lost their hunting grounds. Animals they hunted were driven away. The power of their leaders declined. Native Americans suffered from this expansion.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 9-4 War of 1812

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People nationalism – pride in one’s country war hawk – one who is eager for war; specifically, an American who favored war with Britain in 1812 blockade – the action of shutting a port or road to prevent people or supplies from coming into an area or leaving it Oliver Hazard Perry – commander of American troops that fought the British on Lake Erie in 1812

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) Andrew Jackson – took command of American forces in Georgia in the summer of 1813 secede – to withdraw Francis Scott Key – wrote the Star Spangled Banner

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812? Tension with Britain was high when James Madison became President in 1809 (4 th president). Britain armed Native Americans...... and continued the impressment of U.S. sailors. American anger toward Britain

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many Americans felt a new sense of American nationalism at this time. In 1810, nationalists Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun became members of the House of Representatives. They and their supporters were called war hawks. They supported war with Britain. People living in New England were against the war because they were afraid it would harm trade

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The British vowed to continue impressment. Relations with Britain worsened steadily in early 1812. In June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain. Native Americans began new attacks on settlers.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The war did not come at a good time for the British, who were still at war in Europe. However, Britain refused to meet American demands to avoid war. United States Britain France

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Americans were confident that they would win the war. However, the United States was not properly prepared. Jefferson’s spending cuts had weakened the military. The navy had only 16 warships ready for action. The army had fewer than 7,000 soldiers.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The War of 1812 was fought on several fronts. One important area was along the Atlantic coast.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Great Lakes and the Mississippi River were also important fronts.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In August 1812, the USS Constitution defeated the British warship Guerrière in the North Atlantic. The ship’s thick wooden hull earned it the nickname “Old Ironsides” because it was so solid.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Despite the victory of the Constitution, Britain was able to set up a blockade of the American coast. Britain had closed off all American ports by the war’s end.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In July 1812, the British defeated American troops in Canada. They captured more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers. Both sides won key battles during the war in the West. In 1813, U.S. troops led by Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Lake Erie at the Battle of Put- In-Bay.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory at Lake Erie was a key victory for the Americans. The British were forced to retreat back into Canada. U.S. troops pursued and defeated the British in the Battle of the Thames.

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Native American allies of the British suffered defeat both in Canada and in the South. In March 1814, U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson defeated Creek warriors at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in Georgia. The treaty that ended the fighting forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of land.

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1814, the British defeated Napoleon. This allowed Britain to send many more troops to fight against the United States. United States France Britain

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. As the war dragged on, Federalists expressed their opposition by calling it “Mr. Madison’s War.”

32. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1814, opposition was so high that delegates at the Hartford Convention suggested that New England secede from the United States. Union New England

33. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The British made their final attacks in 1814. In August 1814, they attacked the nations capital, Washington, D.C. British burned down the White House On September 13, they moved on to Fort McHenry in Baltimore. Americans won this battle, which also inspired the U.S. national anthem, the Star- Spangled Banner

34. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Britain had tired of war. On Christmas Eve 1814, the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent. Before this news reached the United States, Andrew Jackson won a final victory in the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815. Treaty of Ghent Ended the war Restored prewar boundaries Did not deal with impressment

35. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Americans felt pride and confidence. The United States felt it had secured independence from Britain once and for all. New England did not secede at the Hartford Convention. Effects of the End of the War of 1812