Why does a structure like H – C = C – H fail to make sense chemically? Differentiate between hydrogen bonding and van der Waals bonding. If you were a pharmaceutical researcher, why would you want to learn the three-dimensional shapes of naturally occurring ligand (signal) molecules? What does it mean that the electrons of an atom are excited? Differentiate between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

List the three types of isomers we learned and give an example of each. Differentiate between polymers and monomers. Define functional groups. Describe how the properties of water contribute to the upward movement of water in a tree (more than two properties apply). How can freezing of water crack boulders? Explain how carbonic acid can act as a buffer.

Explain how the polarity of water molecule allows it to form hydrogen bonds. Explain the following graph by relating it to the physical and chemical properties of water:

When a dog pants, holding its mouth open, what property of water allows loss of heat and subsequent reduction of the dog’s internal temperature? Describe what happens with water when it dissociates. Compared with a basic solution at pH 9, the same volume of an acidic solution at pH 4 has ____ times as many hydrogen ions. Differentiate between the dissociation of strong acids and weak acids. Chose which one would be a good buffer and explain why.

Describe an environmental factor that results in acid rain. Explain how acid rain effects the environment and living organisms on land and in water. Analyze the data on the given graph. How did the frequency of acid rain change over the given years:

Write the chemical formula of a monosaccharide with three carbons. Maltose forms by joining two alpha-glucose molecules together by dehydration synthesis. What is the formula of maltose? Differentiate between the structure and function of starches and cellulose. Describe how carbohydrates can be involved in energy storing or in providing energy.

What is the group of big four that this molecule belongs to? Which subgroup? List four learned examples of this molecule. List two functions of this molecule. Determine the polarity of this molecule.

What is this polymer? Name its monomers. Name three specific learned examples. List two functions of this molecule.

How do phospholipids polarity help them to perform their functions? Compare the structure and function of simple lipids and phospholipids. Draw the orientation of phospholipids in water and in oil. Why cannot we properly digest trans fats? How many water molecules are released when simple fats form? Why? Why are sterols considered lipids, although they have no similarity in structure to other types of lipids?

What is this polymer? What are its monomers? List its four functions. Determine the polarity of this molecule.

What is this molecule? What main group of macromolecules that this belong to? List three of its functions. Determine the polarity of this molecule

What main group of the big four does this molecule belong to? What is this molecule? What is its polarity? What is its function? What are its monomers?

What is this monomer? What is the polymer that forms from this? How many different kinds of this monomer do we have in our body? What is the bond that binds these monomers together? Determine the polarity of this molecule.

Name this molecule. List two examples of this that we learned. Name a function of this molecule. Name the reaction that breaks this molecule down to its monomers.

What is this molecule? What are its monomers? What is the bond that combines the monomers? List the levels of its structure. Name the bonds that form each level of structure. List 5 functions of this molecule.

Differentiate between the competitive inhibitor and allosteric inhibitor Name and explain three ways in which enzyme activity can be regulated Explain how the primary structure of proteins determine all of their other levels of structures Why does a denatured protein no longer function properly? What parts of the polypeptide participate in forming the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. Name three protein functions and describe how the protein structure fit to perform this function.