1. Biochemistry Part I A quick review of atomic structure and bonding…

2. It all starts with atoms… -What is in the nucleus? Charges? -What moves around it? Charge?

3. 1. Draw an atom. Label location and names for + (positive), - (negative), and neutral subatomic particles. 2. What forms when 2 atoms bond together? 3. Why do atoms want to form bonds?

4. 4. What type of bond involves sharing electrons? 5. What type of bond involves loss and gain of electrons? 6. List 1 reason Carbon is unique? 7. The building block of a polymer is a ____________.

5. Biochemistry The fundamental Life Processes depend on the physical structure and chemical activities of the cell.

6. First review some BIG ideas!!! How do we determine how many protons and electrons an atom has? Atomic number

7. More BIG ideas!! Describe Covalent bonding Sharing of electrons to form a bond. Why do atoms form bonds? Atoms react to gain a complete outer shell (typically 8 electrons).

8. Diagram an atom of… Hydrogen (atomic # 1) Helium (atomic # 2) Carbon (atomic # 6) be careful with this one.

9. Carbon will form 4 bonds because this will complete its outer shell (4 + 4 = 8).

10. Carbon forms how many bonds? Examples: H H H H l l l l H – C – C – H H – C = C – H l l H H One double bond All single bonds Two single bonds

11. Now diagram the following atoms: Nitrogen (atomic # 7) Oxygen (atomic # 8)

12. How many bonds will these form?

13. What type of bond forms when electrons are SHARED? COVALENT (form molecules!)

14. What did you learn about Carbon Compounds last year? Tell me about polymers…

15. Polymer: LARGE molecules of repeating monomers. Monomer: SMALL molecule that combine to form a polymers.

16. Example Polyethylene Other plastics

17. Who would like some polymers?

18. Biochemistry Part II Polymers provide structure and function in living things!!!!

19. Biochemistry The study of the chemicals associated with living things How living things “work” on a molecular level

20. 4 Basic Groups of Organic Compounds in Living Things Carbohydrates Lipids (fats, oils & waxes) Proteins Nucleic Acids ALL are MONOMERS & POLYMERS!

21. Carbohydrates Simple Sugars…the sweet stuff.

22. Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates… Include starch, cellulose

23. Carbohydrate functions??? What do you know about this? Sugars and starches provide short- term energy storage… Cellulose provides structure in plants.

24. Carbohydrate Chemistry General formula = CH 2 O…what does this mean? Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen… 1:2:1

25. Glucose is a carbohydrate… You will see this simple sugar many times…so lets learn its formula now. Glucose = C 6 H 12 O 6

26. Glucose structure Do you see six carbon atoms? Can you describe the shape?

27. Complex Carbohydrates are polymers…

28. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar; disaccharide)

29. Polysaccharides: How do carbohydrate polymers form? Water is removed from the 2 molecules by an enzyme to form a covalent bond!

30. How do you feel when you’re VERY thirsty (low on water)?? DEHYDRATED!! That’s the first word of the process to remove water and join 2 monomers. “Synthesis” (the 2 nd word) means to make a larger molecule.

31. This reaction to join monomers is called DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS! Animation: http://nhscience.lonestar.edu /biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://nhscience.lonestar.edu /biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

32. Carbohydrates, cont. How does our body use complex carbohydrates? Enzymes break the covalent bonds in the polymer (starch, glycogen) to release the MONOMERS (glucose) to use for energy

33. What do you do when you add water to your body? Hydrate! This type reaction is called HYDROLYSIS!! http://nhscience.lonestar.edu /biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://nhscience.lonestar.edu /biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

34. Biochemistry Part III Proteins…

35. Proteins…. What foods are considered good sources of protein? Meat, eggs, beans, dairy products

36. Proteins Also called Polypeptides (think Polymers!) Carry out many of the functions of living things…

37. Proteins…. Proteins are polymers The monomers that make up proteins are called amino acids Amino acids contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. How does this differ from carbohydrates?

38. It would be a mean old world with out… Amino acids. Glycine

39. Function of Proteins In organisms, proteins are used to build and repair tissues Proteins provide the structural framework (beams) in our cells

40. More Function of Proteins… Enzymes are proteins that help chemical reactions occur faster. Catalysts An Enzyme does NOT change chemically during the chemical reaction, so it can be used over and over again.

41. Enzymes are specific- A specific enzyme is needed for each chemical reaction within a cell. Fun fact - Human body contains an estimated 75,000 different enzymes.

42. Protein structures- How do we go from one the other?

43. Stepwise from one structure to the next! It won’t work UNLESS it is correctly folded!

45. Proteins need to be handled carefully! If not treated with care, proteins will lose their secondary & tertiary structure and NOT work correctly!! This is called denatured. Can be caused by high temperature or wrong pH.

46. Nucleic Acids DNA : Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA :Ribonucleic acid Monomers: nucleotides

47. Function of DNA “Blueprint” for life Contains the instructions for making proteins

50. DNA & RNA

51. Bingo Terms: Lipid Carbohydrate Protein Nucleic Acid Enzymes Simple Sugars Complex Sugars Proton FREESaturated Fat Amino acid Neutron Substrate /Product Unsaturated Fat Bond Electron