Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,

The Conservative Order The Peace Settlement, Vienna Restoration of Louis XVIII of France Viscount Castlereagh of Britain, Prince Talleyrand of France, Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria Principle of Legitimacy Balance of political and military power Poland Containment of France

Europe after the Congress of Vienna ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Ideology of Conservatism Edmund Burke ( ), Reflections on the Revolution in France Society is a contract Joseph de Maistre ( ) Monarchy divinely sanctioned, guarantees order Despite differences, all conservatives agreed on several basic ideas. Obedience to political authority Organized religion was crucial to social order Hatred of revolutionary upheaval Unwillingness to accept liberal demands for civil liberties, representative governments, or nationalistic aspirations Community has precedence over individual rights Society must be ordered and organized. Tradition was the best guide for achieving these principles

Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe Four congresses, Outbreak of revolution in Spain and Italy Intervention Revolt in Latin America  Simón Bolivar ( )  José de San Martín ( )  Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Greek Revolt ( ) Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 Conservative Domination: The European States Great Britain: Rule of the Tories Peterloo Massacre, 1819 Minor reforms Restoration of France Moderation of Louis XVIII, Charles X, Intervention in the Italian States and Spain

The Balkans by 1830 ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Repression in Central Europe 38 sovereign states Liberal and national movements in the German states King Frederick William III ( ) Burschenschaften movement, student societies, Austrian stagnation Russia: Autocracy of the Tsars Alexander I, Speransky reforms Decemberist Revolt, 1825 Nicholas I,

Idealogies of Change Liberalism Economic liberalism (classical economics) Thomas Malthus ( ), Essay on the Principles of Population  Population growth David Ricardo ( ), Principles of Political Economy  Wages John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, On the Subjection of Women  Liberty of the individual  Women’s rights

Nationalism Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs Allied with liberalism Early Socialism Henri de Saint-Simon ( ) Organize society in cooperative community Charles Fourier ( ) Model communities, phalansteries Robert Owen ( ) New Lanark, Scotland Louis Blanc ( ) Social problems require government assistance

The Distribution of Language in Nineteenth-Century Europe ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Women attracted to socialism Flora Tristan ( ) Utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism Revolution and Reform, Another French Revolution Charles X issues July Ordinances, July 26, 1830  Censorship of the press  Dissolves the legislative assembly  Reduced electorate July Revolution Louis-Philippe,  Favors the upper bourgeoisie  Party of Movement  Party of Resistance

Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy Belgians revolt, 1830 Independence recognized Austrian troops crush revolt in northern Italian states Russians put down revolt in Poland, 1831 Reform in Great Britain Reform Act of 1832 Poor Law of 1834 Repeal of the Corn Laws, 1846 Revolutions of 1848 Yet Another French Revolution Louis-Philippe fails to initiate reform  Abdication, February 24, 1848

Provisional government National workshops “June days” Second Republic, November 4, 1848 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Revolution in Central Europe Agricultural depression Revolt of handicraft workers Frederick William IV ( ) Frankfurt Assembly Austrian Empire Louis Kossuth, Hungary Francis Joseph I ( )

The Revolutions of ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Revolts in the Italian States  Risorgimento (Resurgence)  Giuseppe Mazzini ( ) Failures of 1848 Divisions among the revolutionaries  Failure to extend universal suffrage Divisions supporting self-government

The Emergence of an Ordered Society Development of New Police Forces Luis-Maurice Debelleyme, Parisian serjents Robert Peel, London “bobbies” Berlin’s Schutzmannschaft Poverty as a source of crime Institutes Prison Reform Auburn Prison Walnut Street model

Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon

Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism The Characteristics of Romanticism Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( ), The Sorrows of the Young Werther Thomas Carlyle ( ) Geist (spirit that makes people unique) Gothic literature Romantic Poets and the Love of Nature Percy Bysshe Shelley ( ) Lord Byron ( ) William Wordsworth ( ) Mechanistic materialism

Romanticism in Art and Music Casper David Friedrich ( ) God and nature Joseph Malford William Turner ( ) Moods of nature Eugène Delacroix ( ) Passion for color Ludwig van Beethoven ( ) Hector Berlioz ( ) Program music Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism François-René de Chateaubriand ( ), Genius of Christianity, 1802 Protestant evangelicalism and personal salvation

An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

The France of Napoleon III Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire Universal male suffrage Coup d’etat Restoration of the Empire, November 21, 1852 The Second Napoleonic Empire Authoritarian government Economic prosperity Reconstruction of Paris Broad streets Limited freedom Opposition

Foreign policy: Crimean War The Ottoman Empire Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire  Encroachment of the Russian Empire Russian religious bonds with Greek Orthodox Christians The War Russian-Ottoman War, October 4, 1853 Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854 British fear of Russian control of the Dardanelles France felt Russians had insulted them Destroys the Concert of Europe War ends in 1856

Decline of the Ottoman Empire ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Crimean War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

National Unification: Italy and Germany Unification of Italy Kingdom of Savoy Victor Emmanuel II, Count Camillo di Cavour ( ) Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858 War with Austria, 1859 Plebiscites in northern Italy, 1860 Guiseppi Garibaldi ( ) Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860 Kingdom of Italy, 1861 Annexation of Venetia, 1866 Annexation of Rome, 1870

The Unification of Italy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Unification of Germany Zollverein William I, Otto von Bismarck ( )  Realpolitik  Reorganization of the army The Danish War (1864) Schleswig and Holstein Joint administration with Austria Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866 North German Confederation Military agreements with Prussia

The Unification of Germany ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Franco-Prussian War ( )  Throne of Spain  French declaration of war, July 15, 1870  Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870  Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871  Peace treaty: indemnity of 5 billion francs (about 1 billion dollars); surrender of Alsace and Lorraine  William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy Francis Joseph, Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867 Dual monarchy  German and Magyars dominate minorities

Europe in 1871 ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Imperial Russia Alexander II, Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861 Zemstvos (local assemblies) Alexander Herzen ( ), populism Great Britain: The Victorian Age Queen Victoria, Lord Palmerston ( ) Benjamin Disraeli ( ) Reform Act, 1867 William Gladstone ( ) Reforms

The United States: Civil War and Reunion Missouri Compromise, 1820 Mexican-American War, Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860 Civil War, Emergence of the Canadian Nation Industrialization and the Marxist Response Industrialization on the Continent Mechanization of cotton and textile industry Iron industry modernized Elimination of barriers to international trade Joint-stock investment banks Weak trade unions

The United States: The West and Civil War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Marx and Marxism Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), Communist Manifesto, 1848 “Wage slavery” Engels, The Conditions of the Working Class in England, 1844 Bourgeoisie and proletariat Classless society Marx, Das Kapital Science and Culture in an Age of Realism A New Age of Science Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights Michael Faraday – generator

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution  H.M.S. Beagle  On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection  The Descent of Man, 1871 Revolution in Health Care Louis Pasteur, bacteriology Joseph Lister ( ), antiseptics Training of doctors Medical associations Elizabeth Blackwell ( ) Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

Science and the Study of Society Auguste Comte ( ), System of Positive Philosophy Positive knowledge Math foundation on which the physical sciences built Sociology Realism in Literature and Art The Realistic Novel Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857 William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848 Charles Dickens ( ) Realism in Art Gustave Courbet ( )  Portrayal of everyday life Jean-Francois Millet ( )  Scenes from rural life

Music: The Twilight of Romanticism New German School -- emotional Franz Liszt ( ) – piano Richard Wagner ( ) – national opera Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work

The France of Napoleon III Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire Universal male suffrage Coup d’etat Restoration of the Empire, November 21, 1852 The Second Napoleonic Empire Authoritarian government Economic prosperity Reconstruction of Paris Broad streets Limited freedom Opposition

Foreign policy: Crimean War The Ottoman Empire Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire  Encroachment of the Russian Empire Russian religious bonds with Greek Orthodox Christians The War Russian-Ottoman War, October 4, 1853 Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854 British fear of Russian control of the Dardanelles France felt Russians had insulted them Destroys the Concert of Europe War ends in 1856

Decline of the Ottoman Empire ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Crimean War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

National Unification: Italy and Germany Unification of Italy Kingdom of Savoy Victor Emmanuel II, Count Camillo di Cavour ( ) Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858 War with Austria, 1859 Plebiscites in northern Italy, 1860 Guiseppi Garibaldi ( ) Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860 Kingdom of Italy, 1861 Annexation of Venetia, 1866 Annexation of Rome, 1870

The Unification of Italy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Unification of Germany Zollverein William I, Otto von Bismarck ( )  Realpolitik  Reorganization of the army The Danish War (1864) Schleswig and Holstein Joint administration with Austria Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866 North German Confederation Military agreements with Prussia

The Unification of Germany ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Franco-Prussian War ( )  Throne of Spain  French declaration of war, July 15, 1870  Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870  Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871  Peace treaty: indemnity of 5 billion francs (about 1 billion dollars); surrender of Alsace and Lorraine  William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy Francis Joseph, Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867 Dual monarchy  German and Magyars dominate minorities

Europe in 1871 ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Imperial Russia Alexander II, Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861 Zemstvos (local assemblies) Alexander Herzen ( ), populism Great Britain: The Victorian Age Queen Victoria, Lord Palmerston ( ) Benjamin Disraeli ( ) Reform Act, 1867 William Gladstone ( ) Reforms

The United States: Civil War and Reunion Missouri Compromise, 1820 Mexican-American War, Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860 Civil War, Emergence of the Canadian Nation Industrialization and the Marxist Response Industrialization on the Continent Mechanization of cotton and textile industry Iron industry modernized Elimination of barriers to international trade Joint-stock investment banks Weak trade unions

The United States: The West and Civil War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Marx and Marxism Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), Communist Manifesto, 1848 “Wage slavery” Engels, The Conditions of the Working Class in England, 1844 Bourgeoisie and proletariat Classless society Marx, Das Kapital Science and Culture in an Age of Realism A New Age of Science Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights Michael Faraday – generator

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, evolution, 1809 Charles Darwin ( )  H.M.S. Beagle  On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection  The Descent of Man, 1871 Revolution in Health Care Louis Pasteur, bacteriology Joseph Lister ( ), antiseptics Training of doctors Medical associations Elizabeth Blackwell ( ) Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

Science and the Study of Society Auguste Comte ( ), System of Positive Philosophy Positive knowledge Math foundation on which the physical sciences built Sociology Realism in Literature and Art The Realistic Novel Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857 William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848 Charles Dickens ( ) Realism in Art Gustave Courbet ( )  Portrayal of everyday life Jean-Francois Millet ( )  Scenes from rural life

Music: The Twilight of Romanticism New German School -- emotional Franz Liszt ( ) – piano Richard Wagner ( ) – national opera Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work