Creating a Republican Culture 1790-1820 Chapter 8

Entrepreneurial Spirit “If movement and the quick succession of sensations and ideas constitute life, here one lives a hundred fold more than elsewhere; here, all is circulation, motion, and boiling agitation.” Entrepreneurial Spirit Factors of Production: “Experiment follows experiment; enterprise follows enterprise, riches and poverty follow.”

Banking Government sponsored land banks and credit from suppliers Bank of North America (1781) Bank issued notes Commercial loans 1816 – $68m in banknotes in circulation 1821 - $45m in banknotes in circulation

Another Revolution Affects America Manufacturing moved from Power-driven machinery Specialized workers Industrial Revolution Social and economic reorganization Started in Great Britain

Transportation 1816 1831

The Commonwealth System The American state legislatures passed measures they thought would be “of great public utility” and increase the “common wealth.” Was this republican?

Cumberland (National Road)

Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Erie Canal System

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight Rates Be careful reading the Y axis!

"The American System" Henry Clay’s American System: 1815 Madison urged Congress to develop a plan to unify the country Henry Clay’s American System: A strong banking system, to provide easy and abundant credit A protective tariff (20-25%) The Tariff of 1816 1st protective tariff A network of roads and canals Funded from tariff *President Madison vetoed the bill to give states aid for infrastructure Felt intrastate projects were unconstitutional  Would unite the US and make it self-sufficient

The Missouri Compromise introduced the compromise that decided whether or not Missouri would be admitted as a slave state.  Congress decided to: Admit as a in 1820 , which was a part of Massachusetts, was to be admitted as a separate, Therefore, there were slave states and free states The Missouri Compromise by Congress banned slavery in the remaining territories in the Louisiana Territory north of the line of , except for Missouri.

Slavery and the Sectional Balance Amendment And provided, That the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited, except for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been fully [duly] convicted; and that all children born within the said State, after the admission thereof into the Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five Years.

The Missouri Compromise

The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

The Rise of Popular Religion In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States. -- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

“soul-shaking” conversion Charles G. Finney (1792 – 1875) The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. “soul-shaking” conversion Converted had a duty to spread the word about personal salvation 

Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

“The Benevolent Empire” 1825 - 1846

Second Great Awakening 1790 into 1840s Rejection of Calvinist idea of predestination Emphasized individual responsibility for salvation