Questions for focus: Who are the major contributors to the field of psychology? What are the major fields in psychology? What are the major subfields.

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Questions for focus: Who are the major contributors to the field of psychology? What are the major fields in psychology? What are the major subfields of psychology? What are some occupations in the field of psychology?

What is psychology? The science of behavior and mental processes Rely on scientific research methods Psychologists study both observable (laughing, crying, walking) and unobservable (thoughts, feelings, dreams) behaviors

Wilhelm Wundt (“Voont”) Considered the “father” of psychology (German) 1879: opened lab for experiments Studied conscious experience by examining its structure or components parts (sensations, feelings) using individuals who were trained in introspection. This "school of psychology" became known as structuralism.

Ivan Pavlov Russian Studied the digestive system: 1890s Made dogs salivate whether food was there or note (using bells) Innate reflexes (unlearned: yawning, sneezing) vs. conditioned reflexes (learned: various fears)

William James Introduced psychology in the US, published 1 st psych textbook in 1890 (Principles of Psychology) Functionalism: emphasizes the functions of behavior & how people adapt to their environment

Sigmund Freud 1900 (Austrian): introduced the theory of personality: psychoanalysis Focused abnormal behavior & on unconscious causes of behavior (drives/conflicts) Relied on personal observation/reflection instead of experimentation (“freudian slip”) Many ideas disproved, but still use idea that inner thoughts/conflicts & childhood affect personality & behavior

John B. Watson Launched Behaviorism (1913): only observable & objectively describable acts (can be influenced by rewards)

B.F. Skinner Behaviorism (1938): the idea that psychologists should stick to observable behavior, not the mind (such as how behavior changes with learning) Dominated psychology for 50 years

Carl Rogers Humanistic psychology: (1960s) emphasized conscious experience. Said humans have free will: strive to reach potential—not just controlled by rewards & reinforcements Similar psychologist: Abraham Maslow (1954)—Hierarchy of needs

Occupations in Psychology Clinical psychologist: clinical therapy (dealing with psychiatric disorders, or can specialize, such as working with specific groups), art/music therapy Academic psychology: research Organizational psychologists: help businesses operate better/more efficiently Human-factor psychologists: people/machine interaction at home/work Educational psychologists: classroom & curriculum development Sports psychology: consultant to sports teams; connect mental health with performance Other careers: social work, counseling, psychiatric nurse, animal trainers, corrections, criminal investigator, etc.

Subfields of psychology Biopsychology (behavioral neuroscience): relationship between brain & behavior Clinical psychology: treatment of mental & emotional illness Developmental psychology: study physical & mental development over lifespan (can specialize) Forensic psychology: work in court system: screen witnesses, give testimony; study criminal behavior Industrial-organizational psychology: workplace issues Personality psychology: study patterns that make people unique Social psychology: study social behavior (interactions with others) School psychology: work with children/students, parents, teachers in academic settings

Review Explain/define structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychological humanism, psychoanalysis, innate vs. conditioned reflexes List the 8 major contributors to the field of psychology. Name five subfields in psychology. List at least five occupations in psychology.