Southern and Western Europe Southern: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Vatican City, San Marino, Greece Western: France, Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein

Spain San Marino Greece Portugal Italy Vatican City

France Luxembourg Belgium Netherlands Austria Germany Switzerland Liechtenstein

Physical Features Peninsulas –Iberian (home to Spain and Portugal) Pyrenees Mountains – block off peninsula from rest of Europe –Italian (boot of Italy) Alps –Most famous mountain chain in Europe –Stretch across France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the northern Balkan Peninsula –Cut Italy off from rest of Europe Islands –Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete

Rivers of Europe There are NUMEROUS rivers throughout Europe Rhine River –Most important river in Western & Southern Europe –820 miles

Climates Western Europe:Western Europe: –Marine West Coast (mainly) –Highland and Humid Subtropical Southern Europe:Southern Europe: –Mainly Mediterranean –Some Marine West Coast, Semiarid, and Humid Subtropical

Southern and Western Resources Majority Zinc and Coal Biggest variety of resources found in Spain Resources throughout the rest of Western and Southern Europe is scattered

Water Pollution: Venice Industrial waste, sewage, and saltwater combine together and eat away the foundations of buildings (damage) Erosion is allowing large amounts of seawater into the lagoon –“Killer Algae”: decaying algae uses up all the oxygen which causes fish in water to die as well = insects in water = STENCH!

ITALY Rich culture The Roman Empire Ruled most of the Italian Peninsula Grew by conquering overseas territories The Renaissance (‘rebirth’) – a renewed interest in learning (Leonardo DaVinci)

Landmarks Rome is the capital & largest city Home to the Colosseum and other Roman ruins.

Southern Italy has many natural disasters  Earthquakes, Volcanic Activity, Floods, & Droughts Home to Mt. Vesuvius and the ancient city of Pompeii

Italy’s Economic Problems Italy: Northern region is much more developed than Southern region Why? Why? 1. North is closer to industrial nations (Germany & France) 2. South = poor transportation systems 3. Southern government made poor decisions when promoting growth

The island of Sicily – large island on the southern coast of Italy Mt. Etna, an active volcano

SPAIN & PORTUGAL Together form the Iberian Peninsula Capital of Spain = Madrid Capital of Portugal = Lisbon

One of the world’s largest tourist industries Beaches & rich culture

Fishing is a large part of economy Have a long history of sailing

Leading producer of cork – corkboards, shoes, wine stoppers

Background The Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Moors (a Muslim people from North Africa) for over 700 years The Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Moors (a Muslim people from North Africa) for over 700 years

Were the most powerful European nations; controlled sea trade during the 15 th – 16 th century Were the most powerful European nations; controlled sea trade during the 15 th – 16 th century –Had a huge colonial empire and was a leader in the spice trade.

VATICAN CITY An independent state surrounded by the city of Rome Smallest country in the world (0.2sq. Miles)

The pope, the head of the Roman Catholic church, has absolute political authority within the city

GREECE Agricultural products – olive oil, tobacco, grapes, & citrus fruits Shipping is big part of economy

Background Ancient Greece – vital to the development of Western culture (roots of democracy)

Ancient city of Olympia – site of the first Olympic Games

Ancient city of Sparta – famous for its athletes and warriors (movie “300”)

Capital = Athens Home of the Acropolis with the Parthenon (one of the world’s most photographed and famous buildings)

SAN MARINO  San Marino was founded early in the 4 th century by Christians escaping persecution  One of the oldest and smallest republics / countries

Western Europe

Rise of Nation-States  : political and economic system Powerful LORDS owned most of the land Powerful LORDS owned most of the land Strong kings gain power over feudal lords Strong kings gain power over feudal lords  Evolved into : Fierce loyalty to one’s nation Fierce loyalty to one’s nation  Contributed to yearnings for independent countries Feudalism Nationalism

Modern Conflicts  WWI:  Causes: Rivalries and competition for colonies Rivalries and competition for colonies Central Powers vs. Allied PowersCentral Powers vs. Allied Powers Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand OUTCOMES: OUTCOMES: Consequences for Germany Consequences for Germany Take blame, pay reparations, couldn’t form an armyTake blame, pay reparations, couldn’t form an army Axis Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary **Their allies Allied Powers: France Great Britain Russia Italy US

Modern Conflicts  WWII:  Causes: German resentment from WWI German resentment from WWI Rise of Adolf Hitler to power Rise of Adolf Hitler to power Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers  Outcomes: Holocaust Holocaust Division of Germany Division of Germany Berlin Wall Berlin Wall Axis Powers: J apan I taly G ermany Allied Powers: U.S. Great Britain Soviet Union **BIG THREE**

Holocaust Facts and Images  Religious Genocide (Mass Murder of Jews)  Around 6 million fell victim to concentration camps  Also targeted were gypsies, vagrants, and homosexuals

Berlin Wall  Divided between East and West West controlled by: West controlled by: Britain, US, and FranceBritain, US, and France More democraticMore democratic East controlled by: East controlled by: Soviet UnionSoviet Union Communist influencedCommunist influenced “Satellite” nations“Satellite” nations

Economic Diversity and Luxury  Strong economy (agriculture, manufacturing, & high-tech service industry)  Agricultural Resources: dairy farming, livestock raising (export), wheat, grapes, vegetables  Industry: coal and iron ore  Electronics: Netherlands, France, and Germany  Switzerland: Banking

Tourism  Climate, scenery, and historic sites encourage many to travel to Western Europe Major part of the economy (France, Switzerland, and Austria) Major part of the economy (France, Switzerland, and Austria)  Luxuries: Cars, Jewelry, high fashion clothing

Germany’s Economic Problems WWWWhat caused economic problems? Reunification of Germany WWWWestern European nations (and West Germany) were much more advanced United Germany couldn’t keep up or catch the eastern parts up Outdated factories PPPProgress is occurring, but will take time to see results

Music and Art  Germany: Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach Ludwig von Beethoven Ludwig von Beethoven  Austria: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  Arts: Jan Van Eyck (painter; used oils) Jan Van Eyck (painter; used oils) Rembrandt (Dutch painters—Realism) Rembrandt (Dutch painters—Realism) Claude Monet (French—impressionist) Claude Monet (French—impressionist)

Modern Life  Prosperous economies = high standard of living (mucho dinero) Many Western Europeans live in cities Many Western Europeans live in cities  City life: Transportation, attractions (arts, plays, museums, etc.) Transportation, attractions (arts, plays, museums, etc.) Low crime rates Low crime rates Small houses = more public socialization Small houses = more public socialization Paid vacation (more than what Ams. receive) Paid vacation (more than what Ams. receive)

Modern Conflicts  Immigration:  “Guest Workers” from Serbia & Montenegro/Turkey (to West Germany) Economic problems blamed on these workers (stole jobs, etc.) Economic problems blamed on these workers (stole jobs, etc.)  Austria and remarks from leader defending Nazis; caused racial tensions Fear of rebirth of racist politics Fear of rebirth of racist politics