1. EUROPE HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

2. ANCIENT GREECE City-State: * Political unit made up of the city and it’s immediate surrounding area. (Athens & Sparta) Birth of Democracy: * A government in which the people rule: (Citizens: Free adult men) Fall of Greece: * Wars with Persia: (Empire from Southwest Asia) * Alexander The Great: (Macedonian Prince who conquered Greece)

3. ROMAN EMPIRE Empire: * Republic: Government in which the citizens elect representatives. * 300s B.C: Christianity became the official religion * 395 A.D: Empire was too large/split into 2 empires * Western – Fell due to weakness and invasions by Germanic tribes. * Eastern – Becomes known as the Byzantine Empire, lasts a 1,000 years longer. * Crusades: A series of wars to take Palestine from the Muslims. * Italian city-states grew wealthy supplying the Crusaders. (Florence & Venice) * Renaissance: A renewed interest in learning of the classics and the arts. (Greek and Roman/classical art & writing)

4. ECONOMIC CHANGE Agriculture to Industry: * Economy was based on fishing and agriculture. * Fishing * Olives, grapes, citrus fruit, and wheat * 20 th Century – Manufacturing has grown greatly. * Portugal – Textiles * Spain – Automobiles * Italy – Clothing, Shoes, and Banking * EU - Spain, Portugal, and Greece joined the European Union (EU). * Help in promoting trade between EU countries. * Making the availability of financial aid from other EU countries.

5. WESTERN EUROPE Rome to Charlemagne: Transition from Roman Empire to Competing Kingdoms. * After the fall of the Roman Empire, Charlemagne united most of Western Europe under his control. * Shortly after his death, his empire fell into competition for control. * When the different factions had divided up the empire, Europe was a region of small competing kingdoms. Reformation: When people began to question the authority of the Catholic Church. * Martin Luther (Catholic Monk) wrote 95 statements that criticized church practices that he thought was wrong. * This caused many people to break away from the Catholic Church and start Protestant churches. * For many years, this caused mutual hostility and many religious wars throughout Europe.

6. WESTERN EUROPE Rise of Nation-States: During the Middle Ages, Europeans developed the concept of independent nation of people with a common culture. * Feudalism is a political system in which powerful lords owned the land. * The Lords gave a portion of their land to Nobles. * In return, the Nobles gave military service to the Lords. * Nationalism is the belief that people should remain loyal to their nation. Brings rise to the first modern countries. * Share Land, Culture, and History * Nation-States became strong rivals throughout Europe. * Between 1600s and 1945, wars repeatedly broke out. * Napoleonic Wars * Franco-Prussian War * Balkan Wars * WW I & WW II