1. Western Europe France, Monaco, Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria

2.  Major Landforms: Alps, Rhine River, Black Forest, English Channel.

3. Culture  France and Germany are the dominate countries in Western Europe.  Their access to resources, ports, and trade routes helped them build productive economies.

4. Important Historical Events  Around 50 B.C. the Roman Empire had conquered the Celtic tribes in what is now France. French is on the Romance languages that evolved from Latin but Rome never fully conquered the Germanic tribes that migrated into the lands east of France. In the late 700s a Germanic king, Charlemagne, conquered most of the region; however his empire began to fall apart soon after his death. In result Western Europe remained a region of small competing kingdoms.

5. Reformation  During the Renaissance scholars questioned authority. Some people even began to question the Catholic Church. In 1517 Martin Luther published 95 statements that criticized church practices that he believed were wrong. That began the Reformation, a period when many Christians broke away from the Catholic Church and started Protestant churches. Mutual hostility led Catholics and Protestants to fight religious wars that tore Europe apart.

6. Religion Today  France is mainly Catholic  The Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany contain both Protestant and Catholic  In Germany Protestants mainly live in the North and Catholics in the South

7. The Rise of Nation-States  The period btwn the fall of Rome and the Renaissance was called the Middle Ages. During this time Europeans gradually developed the nation-state, an independent nation of people with a common culture.  Nationalism: –During the centuries after Rome fell, feudalism gradually developed in Europe. This was a political system in which powerful lords owned most of the land. They gave some land to nobles in exchange of military services by those nobles. Over time strong kings gained power over feudal lords, and nationalism evolved. –Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people whom they share land, culture, and history

9.  Nationalism often caused the want of their own countries, so this led to the rise of the modern nation-state. (what we see today)  France was one of the first nation-state. By the late 1600s, French kings held absolute power, which they often used to benefit themselves, not the people. In 1789, the people began a rebellion (French Revolution). They deposed the king and formed a republic. But after a few years an army officer named Napoleon Bonaparte seized power. In 1804 he made himself emperor. He tried to conquer all of Europe but was defeated. –Result was the creation of several rivals in Europe.

10.  Germany did not unify as a nation until 1871, by a man named Otto von Bismarck. It was one of the many European countries affected by a new wave of nationalism in the 1800s. Western Europe also experienced industrial growth in the 1800s. Industrialism caused European nations to set up colonies in other lands in order to gain raw materials and markets. Many European nations saw each other as rivals in the race to gain colonies.

11. Modern Conflict  The rivalry btwn these two nations for colonization was one of the main cause of WWI.  There were the allied powers and central powers. Allied powers win. Germany has huge debt to pay. Germans have resentment. Result is the rise of Hitler. Hitler and the Nazis try to conquer Europe and they also carried out the Holocaust. After the war Germany was split into two sections, West and East Germany.  In 1990, the two Germany’s reunited under a democratic government

12.  Current Governments:  Monaco- constitutional monarchy  Germany- federal parliamentary republic (president and a chancellor)  France- republic  Switzerland- federal state  Belgium- constitutional monarchy  Netherlands- constitutional monarchy  Luxembourg- constitutional monarchy (Grand Duchy)  Liechtenstein- monarch and democracy  Austria- republic