3. Bosch (c ) -- Netherlands a. Master of symbolism and fantasy b. His art often looks surrealistic (like Dali of the 20th century) and focused often on death and the torments of Hell. c. Works reflect confusion and anguish that people felt in the Later Middle Ages (e.g. Black Death)

The Garden of Earthly Delights, Hieronymus Bosch, 1504

4. Peter Brueghel the Elder ( ) a. Focused on lives of ordinary people b. Little influence by the Italian Renaissance

Brueghel the Elder’s “Peasant Dance” 1567

Peasant Wedding Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s

B. Germany 1. Albrecht Dürer ( ) a. Foremost northern Renaissance artist. b. Master of the woodcut c. First northern artist to master Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion, perspective, & modeling d. Some notable works include Adam and Eve; Knight Death, and Devil; and Four Apostles e. Painted numerous self-portraits

Albrecht Dürer’s “Knight, Death and Devil” woodcut engraving, 1513

“The Four Apostles” by Dürer, 1526

Self- Portraits by Dürer

2. Hans Holbein the Younger ( ) : a. Premier portrait artist of his era: painted Erasmus, More, numerous portraits of King Henry VIII and also his family members b. The Ambassadors (1533) encompasses some of the major themes of the era: exploration, religious discord, preoccupation with death

Hans Holbein the Elder’s “The Ambassadors” 1533

3. Fugger family in Germany especially Jacob Fugger ( ) was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance Their fortune was the result of international banking (much like the Medici family in Florence)

VII. The Reformation A. Criticism of the Church – Humanists criticize the Catholic Church for exploiting the population’s ignorance and the religious anguish of Christians. – In favor of a reform of the Church and prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation

B. Luther’s Criticism – Martin Luther – German monk preoccupied by the question of salvation which he seeks through his monasterial life to ensure the forgiveness of his sins. – He remains unsatisfied by the Church’s answers which relies on mortifications, giving to the poor (alms) attending Mass and praying. To Luther, these methods seem vain and ineffective. – During Luther’s era, the Church sells indulgences, i.e. pieces of paper which shorten one’s stay in purgatory by a few centuries, depending on the amount of money one pays.

B. Luther’s Criticism (cont’d) – For Luther, this practice is scandalous because the indulgences are sold to finance the reconstruction of Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome and it prolongs social inequalities into the hereafter. It also encourages wealthy people to sin. Luther believes that only God can determine punishment for one’s sins. – For Luther, Man must follow the teachings of Christ. He believes that only faith can guarantee one’s salvation. – Luther follows Erasmus in his criticism of the Church but goes further, even to break from Rome over questions of the freedom of Man and his salvation.

Luther’s 95 Theses 1517 Luther posts a list of grievances, called the Ninety-Five Theses, against the Roman Catholic Church. "If, therefore, indulgences were preached according to the spirit and intention of the pope, all these doubts [the complaints of the laity] would be readily resolved. Indeed, they would not exist." Source: Martin Luther’s 91st theses

C. The Problem of the Freedom of Man and his salvation 1.Erasmus’ Humanist viewpoint: For Erasmus, the freedom of will exists, i.e. the power to choose between good and evil, and Man does not determine his salvation alone but by the will to do good and can be saved thanks to the help of God. Man saves himself by following God. To ensure salvation, therefore, Man must pray and do good deeds, and God will do the rest. “God helps those who help themselves.”

2. Luther’s position at the Diet of Worms 1521: Luther refuses to recant anything No freedom of will - believes that God is all powerful and omniscient Man has no free will and faith alone can save him Scripture alone counts – direct relationship w/God 3. Break between Luther and Erasmus - definitive While the Humanists stay within the Catholic Church out of fear of religious war Luther not only challenges Papal authority, but breaks from Rome and founds the Protestant faith which rejects Catholic tradition.

Europe will be split in two by the schism and religious wars will tear apart Germany, France and the British Isles. Thousands of people, burned at the stake, hanged, tortured on both sides The martyrdom and burning of William Tyndale ( ) Engraving, 16th century

D. The Reformation and Art challenge to the spiritual and political power of the Church in Rome particular significance for art since the use (and abuse) of images was the topic of debate (worship of icons) many images were attacked & destroyed during this period, a phenomenon called iconoclasm

Destruction of works of art, Aug 20, 1566 after a Protestant predication Franz Hogenberg, estampe, Paris, BNF

The Massacre of Saint Barthélemy, 24 August 1572, François Dubois, Lausanne, Musée cantonal des Beaux Arts

Assassination of Coligny and St Barthelemy’s Massacre 1572

Edict of Nantes 1598 Finally puts an end to the Wars of Religion in France BUT gets worse one century later in the 30 years war…

VIII. The Reformation and England The Tudor Kings and the Church

Time Line of Tudor England

Henry VIII Wants an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon – Failed to produce a male heir to the throne Applies to the Pope who refuses (afraid of Holy Roman Emperor’s reaction) By Act of Parliament, makes the King the Head of the Church in England

Henry VIII Creation of Anglican Church not only result of desire to remarry but also protest of Church abuses of power Protestantism spreading in Germany, Scandinavian countries, England, Scotland, Switzerland, etc Video: Horrible Histories King Henry VIII "Divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived."

Seven Sacraments of the Catholic Church 1. Baptism: where children were cleansed of original sin 2. Confirmation: for young people, they became members of the Church and were now allowed to take Mass 3. Marriage 4. Ordination: when a man becomes a priest 5. Last Rites: dying people were anointed with holy oil 6. Penance – confession of sins to a priest 7. The Mass – re-enactment of the Last Supper

Dissolution of the Monasteries Henry VIII sold off church land Monasteries, friaries & nunneries destroyed Destruction of grammar schools supported by Monasteries Video: Renaissance Education 41’45 – 43’12

Thomas More – religious opponent to the King 1529 More Appointed Lord Chancellor of the Realm under Henry VIII 1532 More refused Act of Supremacy and resigned office 1534 More Imprisoned, wrote religious works 1535 More Tried and beheaded Video: A Renaissance Education 38’49 – 42’

Renaissance - Conclusion Early 17 th Century Counter-Reformation by the Catholic Church Many orders created like the Jesuits to purify the Catholic faith from within Age of Discovery from late 15th to 17th centuries 2 major powers in Europe: Rome and Madrid dominated Europe politically & culturally Rome: hub of thriving religious empire, strong popes Madrid: fueled by gold from its American conquests