1. VII. The Reformation A. Criticism of the Church – Humanists criticize the Catholic Church for exploiting the population’s ignorance and the religious anguish of Christians. – In favor of a reform of the Church and prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation

2. B. Luther’s Criticism – Martin Luther – German monk preoccupied by the question of salvation – He remains unsatisfied by Church practices regarding the poor – Giving alms – attending Mass – praying – During Luther’s era, the Church begins selling indulgences, i.e. pieces of paper which shorten one’s stay in purgatory by a few centuries, depending on the amount of money one pays.

3. B. Luther’s Criticism (cont’d) – For Luther, this practice is scandalous because the indulgences are sold to finance the reconstruction of Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome and it prolongs social inequalities into the hereafter. It also encourages wealthy people to sin. Luther believes that only God can determine punishment for one’s sins. – For Luther, Man must follow the teachings of Christ. He believes that only faith can guarantee one’s salvation. – Luther follows Erasmus in his criticism of the Church but goes further, even to break from Rome over questions of the freedom of Man and his salvation.

4. Luther’s 95 Theses 1517 Luther posts a list of grievances, called the Ninety-Five Theses, against the Roman Catholic Church. "If, therefore, indulgences were preached according to the spirit and intention of the pope, all these doubts [the complaints of the laity] would be readily resolved. Indeed, they would not exist." Source: Martin Luther’s 91st theses

5. C. The Problem of the Freedom of Man and his salvation 1.Erasmus’ Humanist viewpoint: For Erasmus, the freedom of will exists, i.e. the power to choose between good and evil, and Man does not determine his salvation alone but by the will to do good and can be saved thanks to the help of God. Man saves himself by following God. To ensure salvation, therefore, Man must pray and do good deeds, and God will do the rest. “God helps those who help themselves.”

6. 2. Luther’s position at the Diet of Worms 1521: Luther refuses to recant anything No freedom of will - believes that God is all powerful and omniscient Man has no free will and faith alone can save him Scripture alone counts – direct relationship w/God 3. Break between Luther and Erasmus - definitive While the Humanists stay within the Catholic Church out of fear of religious war Luther not only challenges Papal authority, but breaks from Rome and founds the Protestant faith (Lutheranism) which rejects Catholic tradition.

7. Europe will be split in two by the schism and religious wars will tear apart Germany, France and the British Isles. Thousands of people were burned at the stake, hanged or tortured on both sides The martyrdom and burning of William Tyndale (1494-1536) Engraving, 16th century

8. D. The Reformation and Art challenge to the spiritual and political power of the Church in Rome particular significance for art since the use (and abuse) of images was the topic of debate (worship of icons) many images were attacked & destroyed during this period, a phenomenon called iconoclasm

9. Destruction of works of art, Aug 20, 1566 after a Protestant predication Franz Hogenberg, estampe, Paris, BNF

10. The Massacre of Saint Barthélemy, 24 August 1572, François Dubois, Lausanne, Musée cantonal des Beaux Arts

11. Edict of Nantes 1598 Signed by Henry IV – Protestant French King converted to Catholicism Declare catholicism as official religion but tolerates religious diversity Finally puts an end to the wars of Religion in France BUT gets worse one century later in the 30 years war…

12. VIII. The Reformation and England The Tudor Kings and the Church

13. Time Line of Tudor England

14. Henry VIII Wants an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon – Failed to produce a male heir to the throne Applies to the Pope who refuses Catherine daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and niece of Holy Roman Emperor afraid of Catholic rulers’ reaction By Act of Parliament, makes the King the Head of the Church in England

15. Henry VIII Creation of Anglican Church not only result of desire to remarry but also protest of Church abuses of power Protestantism spreading in Germany, Scandinavian countries, England, Scotland, Switzerland, etc Video: Horrible Histories King Henry VIII "Divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived."

16. Seven Sacraments of the Catholic Church 1. Baptism: where children were cleansed of original sin 2. Confirmation: for young people, they became members of the Church and were now allowed to take Mass 3. Marriage 4. Ordination: when a man becomes a priest 5. Last Rites: dying people were anointed with holy oil 6. Penance – confession of sins to a priest 7. The Mass – re-enactment of the Last Supper

17. Dissolution of the Monasteries Henry VIII sold off church land to nobles in exchange for their support Monasteries, friaries & nunneries destroyed Destruction of grammar schools supported by Monasteries Video: Renaissance Education 41’45 – 43’12

18. Thomas More – religious opponent to the King 1529 More Appointed Lord Chancellor of the Realm under Henry VIII 1532 More refused Act of Supremacy and resigned office 1534 More Imprisoned, wrote religious works 1535 More tried and beheaded Video: A Renaissance Education 38’49 – 42’

19. Renaissance - Conclusion Review: Video: Introduction to the Protestant reformation – Khan Academy 8’17 Early 17 th Century Counter-Reformation by the Catholic Church Many orders created like the Jesuits to purify the Catholic faith from within Missionaries sent to Asia and the Americas

20. Reading Homework Chapter 17 Renaissance and Reformation (see blog) Section 3 – The Reformation begins, pp. 633-641 Section 4 – Catholics and Protestants, pp. 642-653