Civil Rights Fight for desegregation Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal (14th amendment not violated) Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal (14th amendment not violated) WWI, WWII- Great Migration- better jobs, service to the country- Roosevelt/ Truman issue bans on discrimination WWI, WWII- Great Migration- better jobs, service to the country- Roosevelt/ Truman issue bans on discrimination NAACP (1909)/ Thurgood Marshall- targets school segregation through supreme court (29/ 32 cases) NAACP (1909)/ Thurgood Marshall- targets school segregation through supreme court (29/ 32 cases) 1954 Brown v. Board of Education- Some comply (500), take time- courts rule to be done now! Some comply (500), take time- courts rule to be done now! Resistance/ Little Rock, Arkansas (Southern Manifesto)- Governor calls national guard to block students (9)- Federal troops escort them Resistance/ Little Rock, Arkansas (Southern Manifesto)- Governor calls national guard to block students (9)- Federal troops escort them Civil Rights Act, federal jurisdiction over desegregation Civil Rights Act, federal jurisdiction over desegregation

1955 Montgomery bus boycott, (over a year) Rosa Parks refuses to get up/ arrested Rosa Parks refuses to get up/ arrested Martin Luther King Jr. (26 years old)- powerful speech, start of leader of movement Martin Luther King Jr. (26 years old)- powerful speech, start of leader of movement Non-violent resistance/ civil disobedience Non-violent resistance/ civil disobedience Southern Christian Leadership Conference- protests- mass demonstration- Soul Force- 65 cities Southern Christian Leadership Conference- protests- mass demonstration- Soul Force- 65 cities SNCC- student non-violent coordinating committee SNCC- student non-violent coordinating committee Sit-ins- violently attacked, 5 years 48 cities Sit-ins- violently attacked, 5 years 48 cities Violence towards African Americans increase (murder of Emmett Till) Violence towards African Americans increase (murder of Emmett Till) 1961Freedom Ride- testing interstate bus desegregation- - severe violence, mob attack, firebombs, police refuse to help in Montgomery, Alabama, federal marshals called in University of Mississippi- James Meredith- governor refuses to allow him to register, President forces it, federal marshals, riots in streets

1963 April- Birmingham, Alabama April- Birmingham, Alabama MLK Jr. arrested- famous Letter from jail MLK Jr. arrested- famous Letter from jail May 2,3 children’s crusade- fire hoses, attack dogs, clubs, 959 arrested May 2,3 children’s crusade- fire hoses, attack dogs, clubs, 959 arrested Public opinion forces desegregation Public opinion forces desegregation Kennedy v. George Wallace (governor of Alabama)- Kennedy again uses federal troops Kennedy v. George Wallace (governor of Alabama)- Kennedy again uses federal troops Medger Evers assassinated (Civil rights worker) Medger Evers assassinated (Civil rights worker) March on Washington- gain congress support of Civil Rights legislation March on Washington- gain congress support of Civil Rights legislation August ,000 (75,000 whites)- listen to speeches- “I Have a Dream” speech August ,000 (75,000 whites)- listen to speeches- “I Have a Dream” speech Violence continues (4 young girls die in bombing at church) Violence continues (4 young girls die in bombing at church)

1964 Civil Rights Act - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, national origin, any where Civil Rights Act - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, national origin, any where Freedom Summer- registering to vote- (literacy tests, poll taxes, social disapproval/ violence) white college student volunteers Freedom Summer- registering to vote- (literacy tests, poll taxes, social disapproval/ violence) white college student volunteers Mississippi murders-4 dead, 4 critically wounded, 80 beaten, churches/ buildings burned, bombed Mississippi murders-4 dead, 4 critically wounded, 80 beaten, churches/ buildings burned, bombed Mississippi Freedom Democratic party- Fannie Lou Hamer Mississippi Freedom Democratic party- Fannie Lou Hamer Selma, Alabama- voter registration drive- 2,000 arrested, many brutally attacked Selma, Alabama- voter registration drive- 2,000 arrested, many brutally attacked1965 March to Montgomery-from Selma attacked by police - Federal protection to finish the march, 25,000 March to Montgomery-from Selma attacked by police - Federal protection to finish the march, 25,000 Voting Rights Act of eliminated poll restrictions, control to US govt. control given to Feds to get them to register (African American voters in south tripled) Voting Rights Act of eliminated poll restrictions, control to US govt. control given to Feds to get them to register (African American voters in south tripled)

The movement splits De facto vs. de jure segregation- law, social, economic power (in the north also) De facto vs. de jure segregation- law, social, economic power (in the north also) Inner city slums- high unemployment, bad housing, police brutality, city riots Harlem, LA (Watts) (100+ in 1967) Inner city slums- high unemployment, bad housing, police brutality, city riots Harlem, LA (Watts) (100+ in 1967) Malcolm X- Islam, black pride, separatist, assassinated Malcolm X- Islam, black pride, separatist, assassinated Stokely Carmichael- black power, violence Stokely Carmichael- black power, violence Black Panthers- protection from police, social services, violence/ revolutionaries Black Panthers- protection from police, social services, violence/ revolutionaries

Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated- James earl Ray- streets explode 125 cities Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated- James earl Ray- streets explode 125 cities Kerner commission- cause of violence in US is white racism Kerner commission- cause of violence in US is white racismLegacy Civil rights of all Americans under the law Civil rights of all Americans under the law Voter registration, holding public office, pride in Heritage Voter registration, holding public office, pride in Heritage Issues of 70’s/80’s- housing, job, educational discrimination, poverty, racism Issues of 70’s/80’s- housing, job, educational discrimination, poverty, racism Affirmative action Affirmative action

Latinos & Native Americans Population growth- Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, etc Population growth- Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, etc Cesar Chavez- (Dolores Huerta) National Farm Workers Assoc-1965-grape boycott- Ca, La Causa, 3 week fast, meets Kennedy Cesar Chavez- (Dolores Huerta) National Farm Workers Assoc-1965-grape boycott- Ca, La Causa, 3 week fast, meets Kennedy UFWOC- united farm workers UFWOC- united farm workers Cultural pride/ brown power/ Chicano movement- Bilingual ed. Cultural pride/ brown power/ Chicano movement- Bilingual ed. Brown berets (David Sanchez) LA school walkout Brown berets (David Sanchez) LA school walkout La Raza Unida- increase Latin American participation in govt. Mexican American political assoc. La Raza Unida- increase Latin American participation in govt. Mexican American political assoc. Native Americans Declaration of Indian Purpose Native Americans Declaration of Indian Purpose AIM- American Indian movement- violence- seize Alcatraz, marches- wounded knee, trail of broken treaties AIM- American Indian movement- violence- seize Alcatraz, marches- wounded knee, trail of broken treaties Gains- 72, more control over reservations/ education, court cases- compensation and returned land Gains- 72, more control over reservations/ education, court cases- compensation and returned land

Women Growth in work force- low paying jobs Growth in work force- low paying jobs Feminism- economic, political, social equality Feminism- economic, political, social equality Betty Friedan- Feminine mystique Betty Friedan- Feminine mystique Civil Rights Act 1964, Gender included Civil Rights Act 1964, Gender included National Organization for Women National Organization for Women Pushes EEOC (employment equality) Pushes EEOC (employment equality) Gloria Steinem- political organization Gloria Steinem- political organization 1970, march on New York (50th for voting) 1970, march on New York (50th for voting) 1972, equality in education 1972, equality in education Roe V. Wade- Abortion Roe V. Wade- Abortion Equal Rights Amendment/opposition- conservative fears Equal Rights Amendment/opposition- conservative fears