© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning The Counseling Profession’s Past, Present and Future 1

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Since dawn of existence, people have attempted to understand the human condition  Shamans  Egyptian papyrus (3330 BCE )—attempt to understand functions of the brain  Early philosophers  Hippocrates ( BCE ): Offered suggestions for treatment of human condition: for melancholia he recommended sobriety, a regular and tranquil life, exercise short of fatigue, and bleeding, if necessary. For hysteria, he recommended getting married! 2

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Early philosophers (cont’d)  Monotheistic religions: Old Testament, New Testament, Quran, and other religious text speak to how to “treat” suffering  Plotinus ( ): Soul separate from the body (dualistic understanding of mind and body)  Descartes ( ) and James Mill ( ): Mind a blank slate upon which ideas become generated. 3

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  These three professions originated in the 19 th century and all impacted on the counseling field  Over the years, they have maintained their unique identities, but have all moved to many of the same theoretical conclusions.  Today, they, along with the counseling profession, can be seen on slightly different, yet parallel paths  See Figure 2.1, p. 35 4

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  Poor Laws (1500s)  Charity Organization Societies (COSs) ▪ “Friendly visitors”  Settlement movement ▪ Jane Addams/Hull House  All of above led to social casework, group work, community, first social work programs HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  1940s-1950s: focus on family and social systems  e.g., Virginia Satir  1955: NASW  1965 ACSW  Today, social workers found in a wide variety of settings 5

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Systems: Family and social systems perspective has become required focus by CACREP  Field experience: Practicum, Internship, and other “field experiences” today seen as critical in counseling programs  Advocacy and Social Justice: Social work’s focus on advocacy and social justice has become an important ingredient for the counseling profession 6

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Historical Background (Early Basis of Psychology) Greek philosophers Hippocrates: Focused on how to treat mental illness Plato ( BCE ): Introspection and reflection—road to knowledge; dreams and fantasies—substitute satisfactions; human condition: physical, moral and spiritual origins Aristotle ( BCE ): Considered “first psychologist” used objectivity and reason to study knowledge Augustine ( ) and Aquinas ( ): highlighted consciousness, self-examination, and inquiry Focus on Christianity during Augustine and Aquinas times limited the psychological nature of people 7

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Historical Background (1800s) Europe: First experimental psychologists studied similarities and differences of people E.g.,: Wundt and Galton 1800s in U.S.: experimental psychologists James Cattell & G. Stanley Hall (1 st president of APA) Williams James’ theory of philosophical pragmatism: truth and reality is continually constructed Testing: Binet, vocational assessment, personality tests Mesmer (mesmerize), Charcot (hypnosis) Psychoanalysis and Freud 8

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Historical Background (late 1800s to 1900s) 1892: APA Other schools arise: Pavlov (classical conditioning); Phenomenology psychology; Existentialism psychology; Gestalt psychology Above schools led to today’s cognitive-behavioral and existential-humanistic therapies Mid 1940’s: Division 17 (counseling psychology) Today: experimental psychologists, clinical and counseling psychologists, school psychologists, psychologists in business and industrial organizations 9

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Probably influenced counseling most of all professions  Gave us the first comprehensive approaches to counseling and therapy  Tests developed by psychologist used by early vocational counselors and other counselors today  Research techniques  Early development of counseling skills 10

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Historical Background Mental illness originally: mystical, demonic--treatment horrific Pinel (late 1700s): Founder of psychiatry; one of first to view mental illness from a scientific perspective Other well known psychiatrists: Kraepelin (early classification system) Charcot and Janet: relationship between disorders and the mind Rush and Dix: Advocated for humane treatment of mentally ill (see Box 2.1, p. 40) Assoc. of Medical Superintendents of Am. Institutions for Insane—Forerunner of APA (1844) 11

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Historical Background Early 1900s: Many psychiatrists into psychoanalysis, some move toward psychobiology, some toward social psychiatry 1950s and 1960s: Expansion of psychotropics 1950s: DSM-I, Today DSM-IV-TR; 2013: DSM s: Psychiatrists needed to work in Community Based Mental Health Centers after “Donaldson v. O’Connor) Today: Mental illness predominantly or partially biological Today: Psychiatrists often consult with counselors 12

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning Diagnosis Illnesses may be organic Psychopharmacology 13

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Precursors to the Counseling Profession: The 1800s  Read quote, top of p. 41  Beginning of Counseling Influenced by:  Social Reform Movement of the 1800s ▪ John Dewey writings in education ▪ More humane treatment of the mentally ill ▪ Social Workers who worked with poor and destitute 14

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Beginning of Counseling Movement Influenced by:  Need for Vocational Guidance in the late 1800s ▪ Traced all the way back to: Sanchez de Arevalo (1468)-- Mirror of Men’s Lives  Testing ▪ Binet Intelligence test ▪ Group tests (e.g., special and multiple aptitude testing) ▪ Others  Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Turn of 20 th Century ▪ Offered a “psychological view” of people 15

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Vocational Guidance Movement—early 1900s  Jesse Davis, Anna Reed, Eli Weaver  Frank Parsons and Spread of Vocational Guidance ▪ Influenced by Jane Addams ▪ Man with a vision—”Founder” of guidance in America ▪ Vocational Guidance: 3-part process, see top of p. 44 ▪ Established Vocational Bureau ▪ Led to establishment of NVGA  John Brewer  Wagner-O’Day Act  “Vocational” & “Guidance” counselors are first counselors 16

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Counseling and Expansion of Testing Movement ( )  Army Alpha (see Box 2.2, p. 45)  Strong Interest Inventory  Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet  Group testing and vocational guidance  Some tests used in vocational guidance, other tests later used in school and agency counseling 17

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Spread of Psychotherapy--Impact on Counseling ( )  Clifford Beers: A Mind that Found Itself: ▪ Congress passed laws to improve mental hospitals  End of WWI, doughboys, PTSD ▪ Need for more helpers  E. G. Williamson’s Minnesota Point of View (trait and factory theory)  Humanists fleeing Europe  Carl Rogers and Rochester Guidance Clinic  All of the above influenced the burgeoning counseling field as counselors moved from schools into other areas 18

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  The 1950s: Emergence, Expansion, and Diversification  Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy  Developmental theories of counseling arise: career counseling, child development, lifespan development Sputnik and NDEA  End of WWII and college counseling  1945: AAMFC—later AAMFT  1950s: NASW  Division 17 of APA  APGA ▪ ASCA, ACES, ACDA, ARCA, C-AHEAD 19

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  1960s: Increased Diversification  Ellis  Behavioral: Bandura, Wolpe, Krumboltz  Glasser’s Reality Therapy  Gestalt: Perls  Existential: Arbuckle, Frankl, May  Expansion of services: Johnson’s Great Society  Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963  NDEA expanded  Other federal acts  APGA’s st ethical code  Precursors of CACREP  More ACA divisions and branches: NECA, AACE, State branches 20

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Continued Proliferation: 1970s  Donaldson v. O’Connor (see Box 2.3, p. 44)  Expansion of Community Mental Health Centers Act (12 services)  Rehabilitation Act  PL  Microcounseling skills training  Multicultural Counseling: Sue, Pedersen, Cross, Atkinson  ACES draft of standards for counseling programs  CORE  NACMHC  Virginia: First state to have licensing  New Divisions: AMCD, ASERVIC, ASGW, IAAOC, AMHCA 21

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  1980s-2000: Recent Changes  CACREP (1981)  NBCC started NCC (1982)  IAMFC: certification for family therapists (1994)  Increased focus on multicultural issues  AMCD: Multicultural Counseling Competencies (1991)  Focus on: ethics, supervision, teaching, & online counseling  ACPA disaffiliates  AMHCA and ASCA threaten disaffiliation  APGA becomes AACD (1983) then ACA (1992)  New divisions: ACEG, AADA, IAMFC ACCA, AGLBIC, CSJ 22

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  The New Millennium: 2000 and On  Expansion of NCC ▪ Over 45,000 NCCs ▪ Specialty certifications in: Clinical mental health counseling, school counseling, addictions counseling  Licensing in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and DC  Divisions become increasingly independent (not separate) of ACA  ASCA National Model  New divisions: ACC and CSJ  Importance of Evidence-Based Practice 23

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  The New Millennium: 2000 and On (Cont’d)  Multicultural Counseling know considered “fourth force”  Focus on Social Justice Advocacy ▪ 2003: ACA endorses Advocacy Competencies ▪ Fifth Force?  Focus on Crisis, Disaster, and Trauma Training  2005: New Ethics Code  2010: 20/20 Standards (see bottom of p. 54) 24

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  We are what we are because of our past.  Why not strive to understand from whence we came, and attempt to make smart, conscious choices about our future.  It’s not easy taking a hard look at oneself, and it is difficult memorizing all those names!  See Table 2.1, pp

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Learning from the Past, Moving Toward the Future  Are we moving fast enough?  Today we must: ▪ Ensure all students are trained in the Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Advocacy Competencies ▪ Ensure all students are working on their biases ▪ Ensure that all students have the knowledge and skills to be culturally competent ▪ Provide vehicles for increased scholarship, especially outcome research relative to social justice and cross- cultural counseling 26

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Ethics: Changing over time  Prior ethical codes tells us where we’ve been  New ethical codes tell us where we are and point us in the direction of the future  Must be aware of our ethical codes 27

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Looking Back, Looking Ahead, and Embracing Paradigm Shifts  Our history tells us about where we have been  Our history shows us our paradigm shifts  But, where are we now?  What new paradigm shifts might be occurring now? 28