Protestant Reformation, Catholic and Counter-Reformations, Wars of Religion

Key Terms/People Reformation Johann Tetzel Pope Leo X Indulgences Martin Luther Diet of Worms Peasant’s War Diet of Speyer League of Schmalkalden Pope Paul III John Calvin Statute of the Six Articles St. Ignatius Loyola Jesuits Index of Prohibited Books Thirty Years’ War

Causes of the Reformation 1. Church corruption – Simony, nepotism, sale of indulgences 2. Humanism – Glorification of humanity 3. Decline of prestige of the papacy – Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism 4. Influence of Religious Refomers – Wycliffe and Hus

Causes of the Reformation 5. Resentment of secular rulers over the power of the pope and the Church – Growing nation-states 6. Resistance to the power of Charles V – Holy Roman Empire 7. Invention of the printing press – Increased literacy and Bible in vernacular

1517 Johann Tetzel ( ) – Dominican friar – Authorized by Leo X to sell indulgences – Proceeds to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica Martin Luther ( ) – Augustinian priest – Professor of theology at University of Wittenburg – Condemned sale of indulgences – Tormented by obsession over his own damnation – 95 Theses

Tenets of Lutheranism: – 1. Salvation by faith alone – 2. The Bible is the ultimate authority – 3. The grace of God brings absolution – 4. Baptism and communion are the only valid sacraments Replaced Transubstantiation with Consubstantiation – 5. Clergy is not superior to the laity – 6. The church should be subordinate to the state

1520 Luther burned the papal bull that demanded that he recant Luther excommunicated Charles V did not arrest Luther

1521 Luther called before Diet of Worms Luther refuses to recant Translates the Bible into German

1520s Lutheranism spreads – Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland, eastern Baltic Charles V preoccupied by war with the Ottoman Turks

Radical religious sects form Demand abolition of feudalism Peasant’s War Luther did not support extremists – Anabaptists

1529 Diet of Speyer refused to recognize the right of princes to determine the religion of their subjects

1531 League of Schmalkalden formed by Protestant princes to attack the emperor Charles V pleased with the pope to call a Church council to end the crisis

1531 Ulrich Zwingli establishes Protestantism in Switzerland Each Swiss canton can determine its own religion

Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy – Henry VIII is head of the Church of England Parliament abolishes Catholic monasteries – Confiscation of Church lands and wealth Redistributed to nobles who supported the Church of England

1536 John Calvin publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion in the Swiss city of Basel – 1. Predestination – 2. Church government Each congregation elected its minister Disagreed with Luther that church should be subordinate to the state – Encouraged theocracy

1539 Parliament approved the Statute of the Six Articles – 1. The seven sacraments were upheld – 2. Catholic theology was maintained – 3.The authority of the monarch replaced the authority of the pope

1540s Calvinism spreads – Scotland – Presbyterians – France – Huguenots – England – Puritans and Pilgrims Catholic Reformation begins St. Ignatius Loyola establishes the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

1542 Index of Prohibited Books was instituted in Catholic countries to keep heretical material out of the hands of the faithful

Council of Trent responds to Protestant threat – 1. Salvation is by faith and good works – 2. Seven sacraments, Transubstantiation – 3. Sources of authority: Bible, traditions of the Church, writings of the Church Fathers Individuals cannot interpret the Bible without guidance from the Church Vulgate is the only valid version of the Bible – 4. Monasticism, clerical celibacy, and purgatory were reaffirmed – 5. Indulgences upheld (sale prohibited), seminaries established

1555 Peace of Augsburg – German princes can choose their own religion and the religion of their subjects Either Lutheranism or Catholicism

Results of the Protestant Reformation 1. Northern Europe adopted Protestantism 2. The unity of Western Christianity was shattered 3. Religious wars Protestantism encouraged democracy, science, and capitalism Protestantism justified nationalism

Thirty Years’ War ( ) Four phases: – 1. Bohemian Phase ( ) – 2. Danish Phase ( ) – 3. Swedish Phase ( ) – 4. French/International Phase ( )

Peace of Westphalia (1648) 1. The Peace of Augsburg was reinstated – Calvinism added as a choice 2. Edict of Restitution was revoked, guaranteeing former Church states to Protestant rulers 3. Switzerland and Holland became independent 4. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (the future Prussia) gained territory 5. German princes were made sovereign rulers, weakening the HRE

Effects of the Thirty Years’ War Germany was devastated Ages of religious wars ended Hapsburgs were weakened Catholic Reformation slowed HRE ceased to be a viable political power Calvinism gained acceptance Anabaptists were presecuted

Women and Minorities Women rose in status in Lutheran territories Ministers could marry Witch trials Increased African slavery Native Americans slaughtered

Baroque Art In your face, overt Catholicism A product of the Catholic Reformation