Apply First Aid Face to Face Delivery National Units of Competency HLTFA301C – Apply First Aid HLTCPR201B – Perform CPR HLTFA201B – Provide Basic Emergency Life Support Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd – Registered Training Organisation © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Course Induction & Housekeeping © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 = Picture of real/makeup injury on next slide  Emergency Exits  Mobile Phones  Breaks  Refreshments  Smoking  Toilets  Certification  Assessment  Policies & Procedures  Enjoy!

Legal Considerations First-aiders could be expected to; 1: Act in accordance with their level of training and do so to the best of their ability 2: Stabilise the casualty until advanced assistance is available 3: Maintain a consistent level of training  Scope of Practice  First Aid Code of Practice 2004 (Qld)  Duty of Care / Obligation  Consent  Recording  Negligence © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

What is First Aid? Immediate and temporary treatment of a person of sudden illness or injury while awaiting the arrival of medical aid Basic lifesaving skills Doing the best you can with the resources you have © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

What is First Aid?  Culturally aware, sensitive and respectful  Reassuring  Confidentiality  Skills & Limitations  Australian Resuscitation Council  Debriefing © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Perform a Scene Survey

Emergency Action Plan DRS ABCD  D – Danger  R – Response  S – Send  A - Airway  B - Breathing  C – CPR  D – Defibrillation © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Help Defibrillator

Danger & Safety Hazard – A source or situation with the potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill-health, damage to property, the environment, or a combination of these. Risk – The potential of the hazard being realised  Environmental / Physical Dangers Fire, fumes, fuel, electricity, gas, trip & slip hazards, visibility, sharp objects, chemicals, bystanders/relatives,  Communicable Diseases Diseases or infections transmitted by bodily fluid or touch  Manual Handling Always follow safe manual handling practices when dealing with first aid situations. Use help to lift if available © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Response Is the casualty conscious or unconscious? “Talk & Touch” COWS C – Can you hear me? O – Open your eyes W – What’s your name? S – Squeeze hands / shoulders © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

000 – Emergency number for all emergency services in Australia 112 – International standard emergency number 106 – Text emergency number (deaf) ICE – In Case of Emergency (mobile phone) Send for Help © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Airway  Remember ‘pistol grip’  Check the mouth before performing head tilt / chin lift  Clear the mouth of foreign material if required © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Breathing “Look, Listen & Feel” for NORMAL BREATHING © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Recovery Position All casualties who are unconscious and breathing normally must go into the recovery position regardless of their injuries. Important Points  Head must have full head tilt  Face should be angled towards the floor Spinal Injuries – Use the spinal log roll if possible © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Important note – Pregnant women must be rolled on to their left side © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Cardiac Arrest Recognition of Cardiac Arrest  Unresponsive  Not Breathing Normally Always ensure that the ambulance has been called. Then start CPR! © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

What is CPR? Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation its purpose is to maintain a flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and the heart, thereby delaying tissue death and extending the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage. Defibrillation and advanced life support are usually needed to restart the heart. © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

CPR Ratio 30 Compressions - 2 Breaths Depth 1/3 the depth of chest Rate 100 min Same for Adults, Children & Infants © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

CPR If during CPR…  the casualty starts to breath normally - put the casualty into the recovery position - monitor airway and breathing  the casualty vomits or regurgitates - put the casualty on their side and clear the mouth - reassess breathing - continue CPR if needed © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

CPR If you are unable or unwilling to give rescue breaths, do chest compressions only. “Any attempt at resuscitation is better than no attempt” © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Hands Only CPR Video

When to Stop CPR  Another first aider takes over  Professional help arrives  The casualty starts to breath normally  The situation becomes too dangerous to continue  You become too exhausted to continue  A medical Doctor tells you to stop © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

CPR Practical © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Children & Babies  Children 1 – 8yrs  Infants 0 – 1yrs Ratio 30 Compressions - 2 Breaths Depth 1/3 the depth of chest Rate 100 min © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Early Access (call for help) Early CPR Early Defibrillation Early ALS Chain of Survival © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Resuscitation Video

Defibrillation © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Choking Mild Airway Obstruction Treatment  Reassure the casualty  Encourage the casualty to lean forward  Encourage the casualty to keep coughing  Call 000/112 if object is not clearing © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Choking Severe Airway Obstruction Treatment  Call 000/112 quickly, but attend to the casualty first if alone  Give up to 5 firm back blows between the shoulder blades  If unsuccessful – give up to 5 chest thrusts  If casualty becomes unconscious, start CPR © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Choking – Children & Babies © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Questions & Break © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Snake Bite  Paired fang marks, but often only a single mark or a scratch mark may be present  Signs and symptoms will depend on the type of snake and venom  Signs and symptoms may not appear for hours Treatment  DRS ABCD & Call 000  Lay the casualty down and keep completely still  Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to the affected limb  Splint the affected limb & Immobilise the casualty completely

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 DO NOT!  Wash the bite site  Try to catch and identify the snake  Cut the bite site  Suck the venom out  Move the casualty unless in danger  Apply a tourniquet Snake Bite

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Funnel Web Spider & Mouse Spider Treatment  DRS ABCD & Call 000  Lay the casualty down and keep completely still  Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to the affected limb  Splint the affected limb & Immobilise the casualty completely

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Red Back & White Tailed Spider Treatment  DRS ABCD  Apply cold pack  Watch for allergic reaction  Seek medical advice

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Bee & Wasp Sting Potential Signs & Symptoms  Immediate pain  Local swelling and redness Treatment  Remove Sting (bee)  Apply ice pack for the pain

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Pain and burning at the site  Swelling Treatment  Rinse ants off with running water  Wash with soap and water or disinfectant  Apply ice packs for the pain Fire Ants

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Local irritation  Lethargy  Muscle weakness  Unsteadiness in walking  Double vision  Difficulty in swallowing and breathing Treatment  DRS ABCD  Tweezers either side of the head and pull straight out  Apply disinfectant Paralysis Ticks

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Treatment  DRS ABCD & Call 000  Lay the casualty down and keep completely still  Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to the affected limb  Splint the affected limb & Immobilise the casualty completely Blue Ringed Octopus & Cone Shell

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Carefully remove tentacles but do not rub  Apply liberal amounts of vinegar to the area  DO NOT use a pressure immobilisation bandage  Be prepared to start CPR Box Jelly Fish & Irukandji Jelly Fish

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Blue tentacles stuck to the body  Red welts on the skin  Pain for some hours  Pain in the groin and armpits Treatment  DRS ABCD & reassure patient  Remove tentacles, do not rub  Immerse the affected area in hot water, as hot as the casualty can tolerate  If hot water is not available, apply an ice pack Blue Bottle Jelly Fish

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Extreme pain  Bleeding, swelling and discolouration at the site  Panic, irrational behaviour Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Immerse the affected area in hot water, as hot as the casualty can tolerate Fish Stings

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Diabetes What is it? Type 1 & Type 2  Hypoglycaemia – Too little blood sugar  Hyperglycaemia – Too much blood sugar

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Diabetes Hypoglycaemia Potential Signs & Symptoms  Quick onset of symptoms  Sweating  Pale, clammy skin  Weakness, tiredness  Trembling  Confusion & aggression  Vomiting

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Hypoglycaemia Treatment  DRS ABCD  Give a sugary drink  If no improvement after 5 mins give more  Call 000 if no improvement  If casualty is unconscious do not give them anything to eat or drink, follow DRS ABCD Diabetes

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Seizures Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Provide a safe environment  Place padding around the person if safe to do so  Put person into the recovery position once the seizure stops or diminishes  Cover with a blanket if loss of bladder control  Get bystanders to move away  Do not restrain the person (unless essential to prevent injury)  Do not put anything in their mouth (including fingers)  Do not hold on to their head  Record start/finish time of seizure  Reassure until fully recovered

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Febrile Convulsions

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Asthma

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Wheezing (which disappears as the attack gets worse)  Breathing difficulty  Coughing  Rapid pulse  Pale, clammy skin  Possible blue skin colour around lips  Difficulty in speaking more than a few words  Drowsiness  Exhaustion  Anxious Asthma Attack

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Asthma Attack Treatment

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Heart Attack

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Pain or discomfort in the chest  Pain described as crushing or squeezing  Pain may radiate to the left arm, jaw, shoulder, back and neck  Shortness of breath  Nausea / vomiting  Sweating  Pale/grey clammy skin  Feeling of impending death  Feeling of needing to use the toilet Heart Attack

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Get the casualty to stop and rest  Sit the casualty upright with knees supported  Assist with medication  Loosen tight and restrictive clothing  Reassure  Be prepared to start CPR Heart Attack

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Stroke

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Flushed face  Loss of movement and feeling down one side of the body  Severe headache  Difficulty swallowing  Slurred speech  Altered level of consciousness  Pupils may differ in size  Pounding, rapid pulse  Facial droop  Look and feel ill  Nausea / vomiting Stroke

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Stroke

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Reassure the casualty  Loosen tight clothing  Maintain body temperature  Rest in semi reclined position (if able to maintain airway)  Roll in to recovery position if unconscious or unable to maintain airway  Ensure airway is open and clear  Nil by mouth Stroke

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Anaphylaxis

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Sign & Symptoms  Difficult / noisy breathing  Wheeze or persistent cough  Swelling of face and tongue  Swelling / tightness in throat  Difficulty talking and /or hoarse voice  Loss of consciousness and / or collapse  Pale and floppy (young children)  Abdominal pain and vomiting  Hives, welts and body redness Anaphylaxis

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Anaphylaxis Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Prevent further exposure to the triggering agent  Assist to administer the casualties auto-injector (Epi-Pen/Anapen)  Allow the patient to choose a comfortable position  Monitor airway and breathing  If anaphylaxis is due to an insect bite/sting, remove sting and apply pressure immobilisation to the affected limb  Be prepared to start CPR if breathing stops

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0  Ingested (Swallowed)  Inhaled (Breathed In)  Absorbed (Through the Skin)  Injected (Pierced Skin) Poisoning

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms Ingested  Looking & feeling unwell  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea  Abdominal and / or chest pain  Altered conscious state  Headache  Breathing difficulties  Seizures Inhaled  Pale or bluish skin to indicate lack of oxygen  Breathing difficulties  Altered conscious state  Possible visible burns to face and neck Injected  Possible visible injection site  Red / discoloured skin  Other signs and symptoms will depend on the injected poison Absorbed  Red or burnt skin  Other poisoning sign & symptoms Poisoning

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Poisoning Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000 if required  Treat life threatening conditions  Do not make the casualty vomit  If vomiting occurs, keep to show emergency services If CPR is required, ensure protection is taken to ensure you do not become contaminated (i.e Mouth to mask technique)

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V Poisons Information Centre

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Drug & Alcohol Abuse Common Drugs Amphetamines Also known as speed, goey, whiz, crystal, meth, base, paste, ice, shabu. Alcohol Cannabis Also known as marijuana, grass, pot, ganja, mull, hash, dope, yarndi, skunk, hydro. Cocaine Also known as coke and sometimes available as freebase or crack. Ecstasy Also known as E, pills. Hallucinogens Includes Magic Mushrooms and LSD (also known as trips, acid, tabs, wangers, microdots). Heroin Also known as hammer, H, shit, smack, horse, harry, white, scag, junk, slow, rock. Steroids (Anabolic Androgenic Steroids) Volatile Substances (Solvents, Inhalants) Includes a wide range of different substances such as petrol, spray paints, some glues, laughing gas (nitrous oxide), butane and other chemicals.

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Drug & Alcohol Abuse Treatment of Suspected Drug Use/Overdose  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Be aware of your own safety including the possibility of contaminated needles. Do not put yourself in danger  Manage life threatening conditions  Do not leave the casualty alone unless you are in danger  Roll casualty into recovery position if they have a reduced level of consciousness or are unconscious If CPR is required, ensure protection is taken (i.e Mouth to mask technique or continual chest compressions only)

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Needle Stick Injury Treatment of Needle Stick Injury  Wash the area with soap and water  If water is not available use hand wipes and alcohol-bases liquid or gel  An antiseptic such as povidine-iodine may also be applied  Cover with a dressing  Immediately seek medical attention

Questions & Break © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Secondary Survey © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 10/04/2012 V1.0  Top to toe examination of the casualty  Monitor vital signs  Ask bystanders for information  Look for medical alert devices  Take a good history from the casualty – Allergies – Medication – Previous relevant medical history – Last food and/or drink – Events leading to the incident

Shock © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Shock is a loss of effective circulation resulting in impaired tissue oxygen, and nutrient delivery and causes life threatening organ failure.  Severe bleeding  Major or multiple fractures or major trauma  Severe burns or scalds  Severe diarrhoea and vomiting  Severe sweating and dehydration

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Pale, cool, clammy skin  Irritability / restlessness / anxiety  Irrational behaviour & confusion  Drowsiness  Muscle weakness  Rapid, shallow breathing  Rapid weak pulse  Nausea / vomiting  Thirst  Feeling cold  Reduced level of consciousness  Collapse or unconsciousness Shock

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Shock Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Lay casualty down  Render the necessary first aid treatment  Elevate the legs if injuries permit  Provide reassurance  Maintain body temperature  Loosen tight and restrictive clothing  Ensure good oxygen flow  Nil by mouth

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 External Bleeding Treatment Pressure, Elevation, Rest, Treat for Shock  Wear personal protective equipment  Apply direct pressure to wound  Elevate above the level of the heart  Rest and reassure the casualty  Treat for shock if required  Nil by mouth Remember to call 000 for life threatening bleeding

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 External Bleeding

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 External Bleeding

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Embedded Objects

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Amputation

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Constrictive Bandage (Tourniquet) As a last resort and only when other methods of controlling bleeding have failed. life-threatening bleeding e.g., traumatic amputation of a limb or major injuries with massive blood loss.  5cm wide  Note time applied on bandage  Not to be removed once applied  Do not apply directly to the wound or over a joint  Do not cover constrictive bandage with any other bandages or clothes

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Minor Wounds  Use swabs and sterile saline to clean the wound  Cover with a non-adherent dressing  Watch for signs of infection  Seek medical advice if required

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Nose Bleeds  Pinch the fleshy part of the nose  Get the casualty to lean forward  Ask the casualty to breath through their mouth  Maintain pressure for 10 minutes  Apply a cool compress to the back of the neck and the forehead  If bleeding persists apply pressure for a further 10 minutes  If the bleeding is still not controlled call help

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Traumatic Abdominal Injuries

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Fainting

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Crush Injury  Car accidents  Falling masonry  Mine shaft collapse  Trench cave-in

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  If safe and physically possible, all crushing forces should be removed as soon as possible after the injury.  If the crushing force has been in place for 30 min or longer (or the first aider is unsure of time) the crushing force should not be removed  Control any external bleeding  Reassure and monitor the casualty Crush Injury

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Internal Bleeding

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms  Pain and tenderness over or around the area  Rigidity, swelling and distension  Discoloration of the skin in the affected area  Shock  The appearance of blood from a body opening  History of an injury Internal Bleeding

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Internal Bleeding Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Control any external bleeding  Treat for shock  Provide reassurance  Nil by mouth  Place casualty in appropriate position determined by injuries  Keep any body fluids to show ambulance crew

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Using Bandages – Practical

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0  Check circulation once bandage is applied and continue to monitor  Continue the pressure and elevation If bleeding persists  Apply further, firmer bandages over the first to control heavy bleeding  It may be necessary to remove the first bandage to check the bleeding point if major bleeding continues Bandages – Important Points

Questions & Break © Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0

Burns Superficial first degree Partial thickness second degree Full thickness third degree

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Burns Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Cool burn with cool running water for at least 20min  Where possible remove clothing and jewellery close to the burn site (as long as they are not stuck to the skin)  Cover the burn with a non stick dressing (cling wrap)  Where possible elevate burns to help reduce swelling  Treat for shock

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Do Not!  Remove clothing or jewellery that sticks to the skin  Use lotions, ointments or creams other than hydrogel  Use ice or ice water  Burst blisters  Use dressings that may stick to the burn site Burns

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Chemical Burns  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Avoid contact with any chemical or contaminated material  Consult Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)  Remove contaminated clothing  Brush powdered chemicals from skin  Rinse with cool running water for at least 20 min  Ensure that the chemical does not spread further

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Electrical Burns  Ensure the casualty is disconnected from the electrical source  Remember to look for and treat exit burns  Be aware of irregular heart rhythms

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Burns – Urgent Treatment  Children, infants and the elderly highly susceptible to shock and infection  Burns to special areas. Hands, face, feet, genitalia, major joints  Burns that circle limbs, chest or throat  Burns to the mouth with associated inhalation injuries

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Heat Exhaustion Potential Signs & Symptoms  Pale, cool, clammy skin  Rapid breathing  Profuse sweating  Cramps  Thirst  Nausea/vomiting  Headache  Lethargy

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Heat Exhaustion Treatment  DRS ABCD  Complete rest in a cool environment  Lay the casualty down and elevate legs  Remove excess clothing  Cool by fanning  Sponge with cool water  Give sips of cool water

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Heat Stroke Potential Signs & Symptoms  Flushed, hot, dry skin  Sweating has ceased  Rapid, weak pulse  Irrational, aggressive and confused  Fatigue  Visual disturbances  Headache  Nausea/vomiting  Seizures  Coma, cardiac arrest

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Heat Stroke Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000 (heat stroke is an emergency)  Complete rest in a cool environment  Remove excess clothing  Lay the casualty down and elevate legs  Give sips of cool water  Cover the casualty in a wet sheet and fan air over them  Apply ice packs to the groins, armpits and back of the neck

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Drowning  DRS ABCD – Check airway in the recovery position  Call 000  Do not attempt a rescue beyond your capabilities  Treat for hypothermia  Suspect and treat for spinal injuries

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Near Drowning There must be careful observation of immersion victims because of possible deterioration after an apparently successful rescue. Complications following immersion, even those that appear to be well following resuscitation. For this reason any immersion victim must always be assessed in hospital.

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Eye - Minor Foreign Object Treatment  Tilt head towards injured eye  Gently flush the affected eye with Sterile saline or clean water  Cover eye to restrict movement  Seek medical attention

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Eye – Major Embedded Object

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Treatment  Irrigate the ear using sterile saline, clean water or warm vegetable oil may free small objects  If unsuccessful, pad over injured ear and seek medical attention Ear – Foreign Object

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Head Injuries Potential Signs & Symptoms  Loss of memory  Blurred vision  Slurred speech  Aggressive / confused  Seizures  Reduced level of consciousness or drowsiness  Wound to head  Changes in the shape and size of pupils  Headache  Nausea/vomiting  Blood/clear fluid escaping from ears, nose or mouth

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Head Injuries Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  If unconscious place casualty in recovery position (if fluid leaking from one ear, place casualty on the side of leakage to allow to drain)  If conscious rest in a semi reclined position  Monitor airway, breathing  Monitor and record conscious level  Control external bleeding  Suspect and treat for spinal injuries

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Spinal Injuries First Aiders must be suspicious of spinal injuries in accidents where velocity is involved, where a severe head and/or chest injury is present or where a casualty has multiple injuries Look at the history of the accident!

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Spinal Injuries Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  If conscious encourage the casualty not to move  Pack supportive material around the casualty  Hold on to casualties head to prevent movement  If unconscious place casualty in recovery position using the spinal log roll if possible

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Spinal Log Roll – Practical

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Sprains & Strains Potential Signs & Symptoms  Pain  Tenderness and discomfort when weight bearing  Swelling  Bruising and discoloration

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Sprains & Strains Treatment R.I.C.E.R  Rest – get the casualty to stop and rest. Reduce movement  Ice – Apply an ice pack for the pain and swelling  Compression – Apply a compression bandage  Elevation – Elevate the area to restrict blood flow and reduce swelling and pain  Refer – Refer the casualty to appropriate medical professional

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain, deformity, reduced mobility, bruising, swelling Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Immobilise & support in the most comfortable position  Treat for shock DO NOT REPLACE A DISLOCATION Dislocations

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Dislocations

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Dislocations

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Dislocations

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Dislocations

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Dislocations

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Fractures Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain, deformity, bruising, swelling, reduced mobility, crepitus, tenderness, bleeding (if open fracture) Treatment  DRS ABCD  Call 000  Control bleeding  Support & Immobilise in the most comfortable position  Treat for shock If you have any doubt as to whether an injury is a fracture, always treat as a fracture and seek medical attention.

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Closed Fracture – Arm

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Closed Fracture – Collar Bone

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Complicated Fracture – Femur

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Open Fracture – Leg

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0  Jaw  Collar bone  Upper arm  Lower arm  Wrist  Fingers  Ribs  Pelvis  Legs  Ankle  Toes Fractures

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 First Aid Kits

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 03/04/2012 V1.0 Thank You! Any Questions?