SKELETAL SYSTEM Principles of Health Science Dr. Halbert

Adult human has 206 bones

Functions Framework Protection Levers Production of blood cells Storage of calcium

Parts of a long bone Diaphysis: long shaft Epiphysis: two ends of the bone Medullary Canal: canal in the diaphysis Yellow marrow: fills the medullary canal, mainly fat cells Red marrow: produces blood cells Endosteum: membrane that lines the medullary canal Periosteum: membrane covering outside of bone, contains blood vessels and osteoblasts

Axial Skeleton Forms the main trunk of the body Composed of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Appendicular Skeleton Forms the extremities Composed of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, legs

Cranium Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain Frontal bone (1) Parietal bone (2) Temporal bone (2) Occipital bone (1)

Fontanels “soft spots” Allows for enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs

Sutures Areas where cranial bones have joined together

Sinuses Air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice

Foramina Openings in the bone that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

Vertebrae Make up the spinal column There are 26 vertebrae

Ribs 12 pair Attach to thoracic vertebrae

True ribs First seven pair Attach directly to the sternum

False ribs The next 5 pair of ribs that do not attach to the sternum

Floating ribs The last two pair of false ribs that have no attachment to the front of the body

Sternum Breastbone Manubrium Gladiolus (body) Xiphoid process

Shoulder Girdle Clavicles: collarbone Scapula: shoulder bone

Arm bones Humerus: upper arm Radius: lower arm bone on thumb side Ulna: larger bone of the forearm

Bones of wrist/hands Carpals: wrist bones Metacarpals: palm of the hand Phalanges: fingers

Pelvic Girdle Os coxae: hip bones Ilium Ischium Pubis

Leg bones Femur: thigh bone Patella: kneecap Tibia & Fibula: lower leg

Ankle/Foot Bones Tarsals: ankle bones Metatarsals: instep of foot Phalanges: toes

Joints Joints: Where 2 or more bones come together Ligaments: connective tissue bands that help hold long bones together

Type of joints Diarthrosis: freely movable, example: knee, elbow Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable, example: ribs to thoracic vertebrae Synarthrosis: immovable joint, example: cranium

Diseases Arthritis: inflammation of the joints Bursitis: inflammation of the bursa Sprain: twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint Dislocation: when a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint

Other Diseases Osteomyelitis: bone inflammation usually caused by a pathogenic organism

Osteoporosis Softening of the bone caused by low calcium, hormone deficiency, sedentary lifestyle Prone to fractures

Ruptured disk Intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and puts pressure on the spinal cord.

Abnormal curvatures of spine Kyphosis: hunchback Lordosis: swayback Scoliosis: side to side curvature of the spine

Fractures Crack or break in a bone

Greenstick fracture When a bone is bent and split, causing an crack or incomplete break

Simple or closed fracture Complete break of the bone without damage to the skin

Compound or open fracture Bone breaks and ruptures through the skin, increasing the risk of infection

Comminuted fracture Bone fragments into more that two pieces

Spiral fracture Twists resulting in one or more fractures

Depressed fracture Broken piece of skull bone moves inward

Colles Caused by falling on an outstretched hand Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius

Image Citations Slide 5: 1/7/06, skeltw2, http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/images/skeltw2.gif Slide 8: 1/7/06, Delmar Learning’s Medical terminology Image Library, Second Edition. Version 1.0. ISBN: 1-4018-1009-8. Slide 11: 1/7/06, Cranium, http://web.utk.edu/~herrmann/110/bones/Cranium.gif Slide 12: 1/7/06, https://waukeshamemorial.org/images/6baby-1.gif Slide 13: 1/7/06, Normal skull of the newborn, http://www.stronghealth.com/services/surgical/plastic/craniofacial/im ages/Skull1resize.gif Slide 14: 1/7/06, Sinusitis, http://images.healthcentersonline.com/allergy/images/article/Sinusiti s.jpg Slide 15: 1/7/06, Foramina, http://a- s.clayton.edu/biology/biol1151L/lab05/skull_whole/foramina- small.jpg Slide 17: 1/7/06, The Ribs, http://www.courses.vcu.edu/DANC291-003/ribs.type.jpg

Image Citations Slide 18 & 19: 1/7/06, True Ribs, http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/ribs /fronttrue.jpg Slide 20: 1/7/06, Floating Ribs, http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/ribs /backfloating.jpg Slide 21: 1/7/06, http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/images/11b.gif Slide 22: 1/7/06, http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/sho ulder/clavicle.html Slide 23: 1/7/06, Bones of the arm, http://www.yoursurgery.com/procedures/longbonefracture/images/Bo nesArm.jpg Slide 24: 1/7/06, Bone and Joint Structure, http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/handkines/images/hand.gif Slide 25: 1/7/06, Pelvis, http://www.pdh- odp.co.uk/images/Pelvis.JPG

Image Citations Slide 26: 1/7/06, http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/images/11e.gif Slide 27: 1/7/06, Tarsal and metatarsal bones, http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/foot.jpg Slide 31: 1/7/06, Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Humerus, http://www.thachers.org/images/Chronic_osteomyelitis.JPG Slide 32: 1/7/06, What is osteoporosis?, http://familydoctor.org/Images/136a.gif Slide 33: 1/7/06, Ruptured Disc, http://www.spine-inc.com/glossary- images/ruptured-mri-side.jpg Slide 34: 1/7/06, http://www.orthopaedics- scoliosis.com/images/srs/p-fig5ab.jpg Slide 34: 1/7/06, http://www.losethebackpain.com/lordosis.jpg Slide 34: 1/7/06, http://www.scoi.com/images/scoi-scoliosis- main.jpg Slide 37: 1/7/06, Closed fracture of the radius, http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/LIF/LIF134/E501001.jpg Slide 38: 1/7/06, fracture, injury, medicine, http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/LIF/LIF134/E501002.jpg

Image Citations Slide 40: 1/7/06, Spiral fracture of the femur, http://catalog.nucleusinc.com/imagescooked/734W.jpg Slide 41: 1/7/06, Colles fracture, http://www.doctorsecrets.com/your- bones/colles-fracture.gif Slide 42: The Mammalian, Skeletonhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Sk eleton.gif