 Subject performs the actions  Example: › The dog chased the cat. (Active)

 Action is performed on the subject  Example: › The cat was chased by the dog.

 A verb that is used as a noun  There are 3 types: › Gerunds › Infinitives › Participles

 Type of verbal that ends in –ing.  Used as a noun  May function as a subject, object of a verb, or object of preposition  Example: › Coloring is a popular activity with most children.

 Type of verbal that is usually preceded by the word to.  It an function as a noun, adj., or adverb  Infinitive phrase= the infinitive and any complements or modifiers  Example › Pedro refused to play by our rules.

 Functions as an adj. when it modifies a noun or pronoun  2 types › Present (ends in –ing) › Past (ends in –ed_  Example: › Looking around, we saw many friends

 First, it will contain a subject and verb.  Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].  Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

 Examples: › The song that I heard on the radio brought back memories. › The house, which was made of brick, stayed cool in the summer.

 a phrase or clause that limits the essential meaning of the noun or noun phrase it modifies  Example: › Employees who are slack on the job are going to be fired soon.

 a phrase or clause that adds descriptive detail to a noun without limiting its meaning  Example: › Harper Lee, who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird, impressed me with her work.

 Noun or pronoun that further identifies another noun or pronoun  Example › My favorite comedians, Abbott and Costello, are in that movie.

 Simple= 1 complete subject and 1 complete predicate.  Example › Valery ran her fingers through her long, straight hair.  Compound= 2 or more simple sentences  Example › I may seem calm to you, but inside I’m really quite nervous.

 Complex= 1 main clause and 1 or more subordinate clause  Example › When ice is on the road, drive more cautiously.  Compound-Complex= more than 1 main clause and 1 or more subordinate  Example › After I heard Sylvia McNair, I bought her CDs, and I sent her a fan letter.

 The first word of each sentence is capitalized.  Proper nouns are capitalized.  Capitalize any title when used as a direct address.  Capitalize points of the compass only when they refer to specific regions.  Do not capitalize names of seasons

 Separate items in a series.  Separate phrases (clauses).  Separate two independent clauses that are connected by a conjunction such as 'but'.  Introduce a direct quote  Separate appositives

 To separate two independent clauses.  To separate groups of words that are themselves separated by commas.

 To provide additional details and explanation.  To introduce a direct quote

 Dialogue  Indicate sarcasm  Indicate irony

 Period  Exclamation Point  Question Mark