1. The Eight Units of Grammar Review
Language Arts
The Eight Units of Grammar Review

2. Noun : a word that states A Person A Place A Thing
An Idea (Abstract Nouns)

3. Kinds of Nouns

4. A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement
The Verb
A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement
“be” verbs
Action
Subject
Linking
predicate

5. Action Verbs
Action verbs express mental or physical action. Something is being done by someone or something.
Action verbs are TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE!
Action verbs can have a direct object or both a direct and indirect object.

6. Linking Verbs
Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it.
Linking verbs are INTRANSITIVE!
Linking verbs contain a predicate noun or adjective.
Pay attention to irregular verb forms!

7. Verb Forms (using “to work”)
Principal Parts
Base form – work
Present Participle – (is/are) working
Past Tense – worked
Past Participle – (has/have) worked
Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect – has, have worked
Past Perfect – had worked
Future Perfect – will have worked

8. Verb Forms (using “to work”)
Progressive Forms
Present Progressive – is/are working
Past Progressive –was/were working
Future Progressive – will be working
Progressive Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect Progressive – has/have been working
Past Perfect Progressive – had been working
Future Perfect Progressive – will have been working

9. The Adjective Which? What kind? How many? Answers these questions:
Modifies (or describes) a
noun or pronoun.
Answers these questions:
Did you find your
mechanical pencil?
Which?
Is that a wool uniform?
What kind?
There are five branches on
that bush.
How many?

10. The Adverb How? When? Where? Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb.
Answers the questions:
How?
Bob ran quickly.
When?
Sue left yesterday.
We went there.
Where?
It was too cold!
To what degree or how much?

11. Adjectives & Adverbs Degrees of Comparison Comparative – Compares two.
Can be formed with – er or more.
Superlative – Compares three or more.
Can be formed with – est or most.
Pause after discussing “where” and listen for the sound of the car keys…click to find the keys.

12. Mechanics Interjections Proper Nouns & Proper Adjectives
Can be set off with a comma or an exclamation point.
Wow! I loved the movie.
Oh, I made a mistake.
Proper Nouns & Proper Adjectives
Proper nouns begin with a capital letter.
Proper Adjectives are formed from proper nouns and are capitalized.

13. Mechanics Commas Use a comma to separate items in a series.
Use a comma b/t 2 or more adjectives that come before a noun.
Use a comma to separate the simple sentence in a compound sentence.
Use commas after words, phrases, and clauses that come at the beginning of sentence.
Use commas to separate appositives, nouns of direct address, or interrupters.

14. Mechanics Dates and Letters Use commas to separate:
The month and the day from the year
Between the city and the state
After the state if the address is within a sentence
Use a comma after the greeting and after the closing in a friendly letter.
Use a colon after the greeting in a business letter.

15. Mechanics Titles Use quotation marks for the titles of short works
Short story, poem, chapter of a book, magazine or newspaper article, or title of a song.
Underline the titles of long works.
Book, magazine, newspaper, play, musical, movie, TV series, painting, albums, or musical works
Capitalize all important words in a title.

16. The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Indefinite Pronouns
anybody
each
either
none
someone, one, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns
this
that
these
those
Personal,
Possessive, and
Reflexive /Intensive
Pronouns
I, me, mine
you, your, yours
she, her, hers,
we, us, our, ours
it, its
they, them, their,
theirs
myself
yourself
Interrogative Pronouns
who
whom
what
which
whose

17. The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Subject Pronouns I
You He
She It We
These are used for
They
the subjects of
sentences or after
linking verbs.
Object Pronouns Me
You
Him
Her It Us
Them
These are used within the predicate as
direct or indirect objects and objects of
a preposition.

18. The Preposition A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun,
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence
as a noun. The word or word group that the
preposition introduces is its object of the preposition.
They received a postcard from Barry telling
about his cruise to Alaska.

19. The preposition never stands alone!
noun
object of
preposition
preposition
pronoun
object
You can’t see the dirt under the carpet.
preposition
can have more than
one object
Her text message to Ali and Raven brought good news.
object can have modifiers
It occurred during the last hurricane.

20. Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against along
among
around at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond by
down
during
except
for
from in
into
like of
off on
over
past
since
through
throughout to
toward
under
underneath
until up
upon
with
within
without

21. Prep Phrases as Modifiers
Prep Phrases as Adjectives
Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun/pronoun
Used to modify a noun or pronoun.
Usually follow directly after the noun or pronoun.
Prep Phrases as Adverbs
Used to modify a verb, adjective or adverb.
Can be ANYWHERE within the sentence.

22. Participles & Participial Phrases
A verb form used as an ADJECTIVE.
Use the present participle or past participle form of a verb as the verbal.
Participial Phrases
Is made up of a participle and its accompanying words and functions as an ADJECTIVE.
May contain a direct object, prepositional phrases, and adverbs

23. Gerunds & Gerund Phrases
A verb form used as NOUN.
Subject, Direct Object, Object of a Preposition, Predicate Nouns
Use the present participle form of a verb as the verbal.
Gerund Phrases
Is made up of a gerund accompanied by an adjective, adverb, a direct object, or a prepositional phrase.
Functions as a NOUN (subject, direct object, object of a preposition, or a predicate noun)
Use a possessive noun or pronoun BEFORE the gerund.

24. Infinitives & Infinitive Phrases
A verb form used as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB.
Formed with the word to and the base form of the verb.
Infinitive Phrases
Is made up of an infinitive and the words that complete the meaning.
Functions as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB

25. Clauses Clause – a group of words that has a subject and a predicate.
Phrase – contains a subject or a
Predicate but not both
Subordinate clause – doesn’t express a
complete thought and can’t stand alone

26. Adjective Clauses Modifies a noun or pronoun
A relative pronoun such as who, whom, whose, which, or that usually introduces the clause
Where and when may also introduce an adjective clause

27. Essential & Nonessential
Clauses
An essential clause identifies the noun or pronoun it modifies AND it’s not set off by commas.
A nonessential clause gives extra information about the noun or pronoun it modifies AND it’s set off by commas.

28. Adverb Clauses A subordinate clause used as an adverb.
A subordinating conjunction introduces an adverb clause.
Use a comma after an adverb clause that begins a sentence.

29. Noun Clauses Is a subordinate clause used as a noun.
Use who and whoever as subjects of noun clauses.
Use whom and whomever as objects in noun clauses.