AP English 11

 Calendar  Sentences -  Definition,  phrases,  clauses,  types, Read Write Speak Listen

 Feast your eyes on yonder white board.  Or check out the class web site Read Write Speak Listen

 Hey, kids, there’s all kinds of great stuff related to sentences coming up in the next two weeks or so.  Much of the material is derived from a book called The Art of Styling Sentences by Ann Longknife and K.D. Sullivan.  I’m using the fifth edition, but I’ve posted the fourth edition on the class web site. Read Write Speak Listen

 A sentence typically has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.  And it is a nifty way we attempt to present the contents of our brains such that others can understand them. Righteous! Read Write Speak Listen

 Sentences can be classified by purpose.  Declarative – A statement  Interrogative – a question  Imperative – a command  Exclamatory – an emphatic expression of emotion Read Write Speak Listen

 Phrases can be added to sentences to expand the meaning.  A phrase is a group of words without a subject- verb combination.  Prepositional – begins with a preposition (in the park)  Infinitive – begins with an infinitive (to be is to do)  Participial – begins with a present or past participle (grown in the summer) Read Write Speak Listen

 You can build sentences by combining clauses.  A clause has a subject-verb combination. There are two flavors.  An independent clause expresses a complete thought (it could be it’s own sentence) – I sleep late.  A dependent clause is a modifier and does not express a complete thought – Whenever I sleep. Read Write Speak Listen

 Sentences can be classified by structure.  Simple  single statement  Is an independent clause  Has one subject-verb combination  Compound  Makes two or more statements  Has two or more independent clauses  Has two or more subject-verb combinations Read Write Speak Listen

 Sentences can be classified by structure.  Complex  Has an independent clause  Has one or more dependent clauses functioning as modifiers  Compound Complex  Has two or more independent clauses  Has two or more subject-verb combinations  Has one or more dependent clauses functioning as modifiers Read Write Speak Listen

 What are the features of a compound sentence? Read Write Speak Listen

 Today we will look at several ways of combining independent clauses to create a compound sentence. Read Write Speak Listen

 Two tips  Two independent clauses that are joined without punctuation is a run-on.  Rudolofo has a brother he is a monkey.  Two independent clauses joined by only a comma is called a comma splice. It’s puke-y.  Rudolofo has a brother, he is a monkey. Read Write Speak Listen

 Huzzah! Sentence pattern 1  Compound sentence with a semicolon and no conjunction  S V ; S V  When to use  When you have several short sentences with similar ideas, you can combine them to make a longer and stronger sentence.  It is cloudy today. + It may rain. = It is cloudy today; it may rain. Read Write Speak Listen

 Huzzah! Sentence pattern 1a  Compound sentence with a conjunctive adverb  S V ; (conjunctive adverb), S V  Conjunctive adverbs  However, hence, therefore, thus, then, moreover, nevertheless, likewise, consequently, accordingly  It is cloudy today. + therefore, + It may rain. = It is cloudy today; therefore, it may rain.  The comma after the conjunctive adverb is optional ; you should use it. Ha! Read Write Speak Listen

 Huzzah! Sentence pattern 1b  Compound sentence with a coordinating conjunction  S V, (coordinating conjunction) S V  Coordinating conjunctions  FANBOYS – For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so  It is cloudy today. +, + and + It may rain. = It is cloudy today, and it may rain.  If you leave out the comma after the first independent clause, innocent bunnies will die, so you shouldn’t do it. Read Write Speak Listen

 Huzzah! Sentence pattern 1c  Compound sentence with two or more semicolons  S V ; S V ; S V   It is cloudy today. + The humidity is high+ It may rain. = It is cloudy today; the humidity is high; it may rain.  Obviously, the ideas need to be pretty closely connected for this work effectively. Read Write Speak Listen

 Huzzah! Sentence pattern 2  This is going to make your head hurt a little. Sorry.  You know that … is called an ellipsis, right. It means that something has been left out. It makes your reader wonder what will happen next…  You can also have an elliptical construction when part of a clause is left out because it would needlessly repeat an element of the previous clause. Ouch? Read Write Speak Listen

 Huzzah! Sentence pattern 2  Compound sentence with elliptical construction (comma indicates the omitted verb)  S V DO or C; S, DO or SC   To err is human. + To forgive is divine = To err is human; to forgive, divine. Read Write Speak Listen

 Huzzah! Sentence pattern 2 (cont’d)  This is a great way to elevate your diction and increase rhetorical distance, but not if you screw it up.  Make sure that both clauses really are independent, even though the second has an unexpressed verb (or other elements).  The omitted verb has to match the previous verb exactly (form and tense).  You can use a coordinating conjunction instead of a semicolon (To err is human, and to forgive, divine). Never use a semicolon with a coordinating conjunction. Bunnies die! Read Write Speak Listen

 Huzzah! Sentence pattern 3  Compound sentence with an explanatory sentence (independent clauses separated by a colon)  General statement (idea) : specific statement (example).  When to use  The colon performs a special function: it signals the reader that something important or explanatory will follow. See what I did there?  It is cloudy today. + Clouds suggest rain will follow. = It is cloudy today: clouds suggest rain will follow. Read Write Speak Listen

 To the worksheet! Read Write Speak Listen

 Come back tomorrow! Read Write Speak Listen