11-1 Vocabulary Irrigation – Process of collecting water and distributing it to crops City-state - Independent political unit that includes a city and the surrounding area Polytheism – Belief in more than one god Theocracy - Form of government in which the leader claims to rule on behalf of a god Cuneiform - Form of writing from ancient Mesopotamia that consisted of wedge-shaped markings pressed into clay tablets

11-1 Vocabulary Pharaoh – Name for a powerful ruler in ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics - System of writing that uses small pictures to represent sounds or words Monotheism – Belief in one god Covenant - Agreement Prophet - Messenger of God Caliph - Successor to Muhammad

11-1 Vocabulary Terrorism – Violence used against the people or the government in the hopes of winning political goals Hajj – Pilgrimage to the Muslim holy city of Makkah, the completion of which at least once in a lifetime is one of the Five Pillars of Islam Epic - Tales or poems about heroes or heroines Mosque - Islamic house of worship Calligraphy - Art of beautiful writing 11-2 Vocabulary

Chapter Notes 11-1: History and Religion I. Mesopotamia A.One of the 1st civilizations that grew in the “_________________” land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. B. One of the earliest city-states was an area called ____________. C. They created a form of writing known as _________________. D.______________ Code was an attempt to bring justice and fairness to the idea of law. (eye for an eye) II. Ancient Egypt A.Egypt grew out of the river valley, the ________, the longest river in the world. B.Upper and Lower Egypt were united under one great ruler called a _____________. Fertile Crescent Sumer cuneiform Hammurabi’s Nile pharaoh

C.Egyptians had a ____________ religion, meaning they worshipped many gods. D.Large tombs that belonged to pharaohs were called ___________. E.They used a form of picture writing called ____________. F.One of the greatest trading empires were the ____________. Religions of the Middle East III. Judaism - followers are known as Jews A.Oldest of the 3 religions and their holy book is the __________. B.Believe that God made a covenant with _________ and his people. C.They believe that they are God’s chosen people and are still waiting for the _______________. D. The scattering of Jews all over the world is known as the _______. polytheistic pyramids hieroglyphics Phoenicians Tanakh Abraham Messiah Diaspora

IV. Christianity - followers are called Christians A.Their holy book is called the __________. B.Christians believe that _________ is the son of God and the Messiah that the Jews were waiting. C. Christianity is the _______ practiced religion in the world. (2 Billion) V. Islam - followers are called Muslims. A. Their holy book is called the __________. B.Muslims believe that _____________ is the last and greatest prophet of Allah or God. C.The Quran describes the 5 Pillars of __________, 5 obligations all Muslims must fulfill. D. Muslims practice in houses of worship called ___________. Bible Jesus most Koran Muhammad Faith mosques

RELIGIONSJUDAISMCHRISTIANITYISLAM FOLLOWER’S CALLED: HOUSE OF WORSHIP: PEOPLE: HOLY WRITINGS: NAMES OF GODS: HOLY CITIES: HOLLIDAYS: BASIC BELIEFS: CHRISTIANS CHURCH JESUS CHRIST BIBLE GOD JERUSALEM CHRISTMAS, EASTER, GOOD FRIDAY SON OF GOD “MESSIAH” JEWS SYNAGOGUES ABRAHAM, MOSES TORAH YAWEH JERUSALEM, ISRAEL HANUKKAH, YOM KIPPUR DON’T BELIEVE THAT JESUS IS THE SON OF GOD MUSLIMS MOSQUES MUHAMMAD QURAN ALLAH JERUSALEM MECCA, MEDINA RAMADAN SUBMITTING TO GOD

VI. The Region in the Modern World A.Late 900’s, N. Africa and SW Asia was a vast __________ empire. B.In the 1200’s, _________ empire controlled the region until WWI. C.After WWI, large areas came under control of _____________ powers. D.In 1947, the UN voted to divide __________ into Jewish and Arab countries. E.In 1948, ___________ becomes a nation, Arab and Israeli conflicts have occurred ever since. F.People in this region blame U.S. and Europe for keeping Muslim nations poor and have led to _____________. Arab Ottoman European Palestine Israel terrorism

Chapter Notes 11-2: Cultures and Lifestyles I. Population Changes A.Lack of ______influences where people live. (More than ½ urban) B.Many people are moving to the ________ (Istanbul, Cairo, Tehran) for better living conditions. C.Overcrowding, job shortages, and lack of transport are problems of people moving to the ___________. II. Religious Practices A.Muslims must fulfill the 5 Pillars of Faith: 1. statement of __________ 2. pray ______ times a day 3. give money to the ________ 4. _________ during the month of Ramadan 5. holy journey, _______, to Makkah (Mecca) water cities faith 5 poor Fast hajj

B.____________ celebrate Easter and Christmas as holy days. C.Jewish people honor the _____________ from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday. III.Religion, the Arts, and Daily Life A.____________, is the major language of this region. B.Countries w/ high manufacturing have better _________ standards. (Israel) C.Saudi Arabia and Qatar are wealthy from _______ production. D.Many N. Africans have __________ to Europe for a better life. E.Recently, the status of women is changing, have ________ rights. F.In more traditional countries, (Saudi Arabia) ___________ are expected to obey their husbands and stay home. Christians Sabbath Arabic living oil migrated more women