Kingdom Protista

If you look at a drop of pond water under a microscope, all the "little creatures" you see swimming around are protists. If you look at a drop of pond water under a microscope, all the "little creatures" you see swimming around are protists.

All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic. All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic.eukaryotic Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like. Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like.

Plant-like protists are autotrophs – they contain chloroplasts and make their own food. They are capable of performing photosynthesis. Plant-like protists are autotrophs – they contain chloroplasts and make their own food. They are capable of performing photosynthesis. Animal-like and fungus-like protists and are heterotrophs. They must obtain food from their environment. Animal-like and fungus-like protists and are heterotrophs. They must obtain food from their environment.

Protozoans are animal-like protists (heterotrophs) grouped according to how they move. Protozoans are animal-like protists (heterotrophs) grouped according to how they move. The word protozoa means "little animal." They are so named because many species behave like tiny animals—specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food. The word protozoa means "little animal." They are so named because many species behave like tiny animals—specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food.

All protozoa digest their food in stomach- like compartments called vacuoles. As they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use. All protozoa digest their food in stomach- like compartments called vacuoles. As they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use. Protozoa range in size from 1/5,000 to 1/50 of an inch (5 to 500 µm) in diameter. They can be classified into three general groups based on how they move. Protozoa range in size from 1/5,000 to 1/50 of an inch (5 to 500 µm) in diameter. They can be classified into three general groups based on how they move.

The first group are the Amoebas. The first group are the Amoebas. They have no definite form and constantly change shape. They have no definite form and constantly change shape. Amoebae ooze along by means of pseudopodia (false feet) engulfing food as they go. This oozing is what changes the amoebas shape. Amoebae ooze along by means of pseudopodia (false feet) engulfing food as they go. This oozing is what changes the amoebas shape. Amoebas are also known as sarcodines meaning flesh-like like substance—no definite shape Amoebas are also known as sarcodines meaning flesh-like like substance—no definite shape

Amoebae live in water or moist places. Amoebae live in water or moist places. They have a cell membrane but no cell wall. They have a cell membrane but no cell wall. None are photosynthetic; all are heterotrophs. None are photosynthetic; all are heterotrophs. Reproduction is mainly asexual. Reproduction is mainly asexual.

Types of Amoebas Foraminifera Foraminifera Form hardened, shell-like casings called tests. Form hardened, shell-like casings called tests. The remains of these build up large deposits on the ocean floor. The remains of these build up large deposits on the ocean floor. Also formed the White Cliffs of Dover. Also formed the White Cliffs of Dover. Heliozoa Heliozoa Freshwater amoebas; their shells look like the sun Freshwater amoebas; their shells look like the sun Radiolaria Radiolaria Found in the ocean; have finely sculptured glassy skeletons; one of the largest protista; their shells also contribute to the composition of the ocean floor Found in the ocean; have finely sculptured glassy skeletons; one of the largest protista; their shells also contribute to the composition of the ocean floor

Amoebic Diseases Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba histolytica Transmitted in contaminated food and water Transmitted in contaminated food and water Intestinal ulcers; sharp abdominal pain Intestinal ulcers; sharp abdominal pain Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba Infect the cornea of contact lens wearers Infect the cornea of contact lens wearers “FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR CLEANING AND STORING YOUR LENSES” “FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR CLEANING AND STORING YOUR LENSES”

The second group is the Flagellates. Flagellates are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip-like projections called flagella poking out of their cells. The second group is the Flagellates. Flagellates are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip-like projections called flagella poking out of their cells. Flagellates use their flagella to move. Flagellates use their flagella to move. It is a flagellate in the intestines of termites which enable them to eat wood. Both organisms benefit…..what kind of relationship do they have? It is a flagellate in the intestines of termites which enable them to eat wood. Both organisms benefit…..what kind of relationship do they have?

Flagellates Flagellates Flagella have a arrangement of microtubules Flagella have a arrangement of microtubules Nine pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring with 2 microtubules in the center Nine pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring with 2 microtubules in the center

Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory Lynn Margulis and others Lynn Margulis and others States that primitive eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells States that primitive eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells These cells formed symbiotic relationships These cells formed symbiotic relationships Smaller bacteria gave new cell energy; became the mitochondria Smaller bacteria gave new cell energy; became the mitochondria Mitochondria have their own DNA that differs from the primary cell Mitochondria have their own DNA that differs from the primary cell

Flagellate Diseases Trypanosome brucei (African sleeping sickness) Trypanosome brucei (African sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma cruzi (South American sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma cruzi (South American sleeping sickness) Giardia lamblia – campers hate this one Giardia lamblia – campers hate this one Trichomonas vaginalis – sexually transmitted; more common in women Trichomonas vaginalis – sexually transmitted; more common in women

Giardia

Trypanosomas brucei

The third group of protozoans are the ciliates. These are generally the largest protozoa. The third group of protozoans are the ciliates. These are generally the largest protozoa. Ciliates are found in every aquatic habitat. Ciliates are found in every aquatic habitat. They are covered with hair-like projections called cilia and they eat the other two types of protozoa as well as bacteria. They are covered with hair-like projections called cilia and they eat the other two types of protozoa as well as bacteria. Cilia can move forward or backward. Toward or away from stimuli. Cilia can move forward or backward. Toward or away from stimuli. Cilia also in a arrangement. Cilia also in a arrangement.

Ciliates have two types of nuclei Ciliates have two types of nuclei Macronucleus Macronucleus Controls cellular metabolism and growth Controls cellular metabolism and growth Micronucleus Micronucleus Reproduction function only Reproduction function only Both function in reproduction though. Both function in reproduction though. Micronucleus divides by mitosis Micronucleus divides by mitosis Macronucleus just pinches in two to form two daughter nuclei Macronucleus just pinches in two to form two daughter nuclei

Paramecium Most well know ciliate Most well know ciliate Can sexually reproduce via conjugation Can sexually reproduce via conjugation Two line up next to each other, fuse and exchange DNA Two line up next to each other, fuse and exchange DNA

The last of the Protozoans come from the phylum, Sporozoa. The last of the Protozoans come from the phylum, Sporozoa. Also known as Acomplexans-complex of organelles at one end Also known as Acomplexans-complex of organelles at one end These are parasitic and nonmotile. These are parasitic and nonmotile. For example…… For example……

Toxoplasmosis

Plant-like protists are algae. Plant-like protists are algae. Algae are eukaryotic autotrophs. Algae are eukaryotic autotrophs. They, along with other eukaryotic autotrophs, form the foundation of Earth’s food chains. They, along with other eukaryotic autotrophs, form the foundation of Earth’s food chains. They produce much of Earth’s oxygen. They produce much of Earth’s oxygen.

Unicellular Algae Unicellular Algae Phytoplankton Phytoplankton Live near ocean surface Live near ocean surface Perform photosynthesis Perform photosynthesis Key link in oceanic food web Key link in oceanic food web Six divisions Six divisions Pyrrophyta Pyrrophyta Chrysophyta Chrysophyta Euglenophyta Euglenophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta

Pyrrophyta Pyrrophyta Fire algae because of their bright red and orange pigments Fire algae because of their bright red and orange pigments Dinoflagellates with rigid walls of cellulose coated with silicon Dinoflagellates with rigid walls of cellulose coated with silicon Key microbe in phytoplankton Key microbe in phytoplankton Some exhibit bioluminescence Some exhibit bioluminescence A bloom of these can cause a red tide that pose a threat to animals and fish A bloom of these can cause a red tide that pose a threat to animals and fish

Euglenophyta, are both plant-like and animal-like. Euglenophyta, are both plant-like and animal-like. Euglena are autotrophs since they make food from sunlight and Euglena are autotrophs since they make food from sunlight and Heterotrophs since they ingest food from surrounding water. Heterotrophs since they ingest food from surrounding water. Possess an eyespot that allows them to detect sunlight Possess an eyespot that allows them to detect sunlight

Another unicellular algae, Chrysophyta, are photosynthetic autotrophs. Another unicellular algae, Chrysophyta, are photosynthetic autotrophs. They have shells of silica. They have shells of silica. They make up a large portion of the world’s phytoplankton which is Earth’s largest provider of oxygen. They make up a large portion of the world’s phytoplankton which is Earth’s largest provider of oxygen.

DIATOMS

Chlorophyta are both unicellular and multicellular. Chlorophyta are both unicellular and multicellular. Most green algae are found in fresh water habitats. Volvox is an example. Most green algae are found in fresh water habitats. Volvox is an example.

A Volvox is a hollow boll composed of hundreds of flagellated cells in a single layer.

Snow Algae

Slime Molds Slime molds have traits like both fungi and animals. During good times, they live as independent, amoeba-like cells, dining on fungi and bacteria. But if conditions become uncomfortable—not enough food available, the temperature isn't right, etc.—individual cells begin gathering together to form a single structure. The new communal structure produces a slimy covering and is called a slug because it so closely resembles the animal you sometimes see gliding across sidewalks. The slug oozes toward light. When the communal cells sense that they've come across more food or better conditions, the slug stops Slime Molds Slime molds have traits like both fungi and animals. During good times, they live as independent, amoeba-like cells, dining on fungi and bacteria. But if conditions become uncomfortable—not enough food available, the temperature isn't right, etc.—individual cells begin gathering together to form a single structure. The new communal structure produces a slimy covering and is called a slug because it so closely resembles the animal you sometimes see gliding across sidewalks. The slug oozes toward light. When the communal cells sense that they've come across more food or better conditions, the slug stops

Water molds from the Phylum Oomycota are classified as protists because they have flagellated reproductive cells. Water molds from the Phylum Oomycota are classified as protists because they have flagellated reproductive cells. Downy mildews parasitize plants and are decomposers in freshwater ecosystems. Downy mildews parasitize plants and are decomposers in freshwater ecosystems.