  Italy switches sides  Russia abandons the war (leaving Germany to fight on the western front)  Brest-Litovsk: peace treaty between Russia and Germany End of the War

  1917 Sinking of Lusitania: after Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare, they sink a US passenger ship  Zimmerman Telegraph: intercepted telegraph that suggests that a Mexican attack on the US would be supported by Germany US Enters the War

  April 1918: 3 million German soldiers  July 1918: Counter attack included American soldiers  August 1918: Germans in total retreat, riots, revolts broke out in Germany due to food shortages, some members of the Germany navy refused to go to sea  11 th hour, 11 th day of 11 th month in 1918 Germany surrendered  Treaty of Versailles in signed a year later to mark official armistice  Canada, by virtue of its contributions in battle, earned a place at the table and a signature on the treaty Germany’s Last Offensive

 Representations

  Approx. 10 million soldiers died world wide  Over 61,000 Canadian soldiers died  Canada emerged as a nation on the world stage  Post-war debt of $2 billion owed to Canadians  Income tax  More rights for women  Government intervention in the lives of Canadians increased: War measures act  Specialized farming Outcomes of the War

 - took 6 months of negotiations - signed in the Versailles hall of mirrors Paris Peace Conference

  France (Clemenceau)- Germany should be punished  Wanted a harsh peace treaty- fear of revenge since they shared a border  Reparations, no army, stripped of wealth  America (Wilson)- wanted a generous 14 point treaty to avoid future conflict- peace not revenge  included (1) national determination for all (2) freedom of the seas (3) open peace treaties (4) League of Nations Treaty of Versailles: Goals of Countries

  Britain (Lloyd George) –agreed with French and wanted a harsh treaty - also wanted stability to avoid communism  Germany – not included in negotiations - expected a lenient agreement based on 14 points - were shocked by the compromise agreement… Treaty of Versailles: Goals of Countries

  Military Controls 1) German army is limited to 100,000 troops 2) No air force 3) Can only have small ships Reparations 1) Germany has to pay 132 billion marks and goods to Britain, France and Belgium Treaty of Versailles Signed June 28 th, 1919

  War Guilt Clause - Germany was forced to sign a statement saying that they were the primary cause of the war Geographical Terms 1) Germany loses all of its colonies 2) Alsace-Lorraine given to France 3) Saar region (coal) was loaned to France for 15 years 4) Parts of Eastern Germany given to Poland Treaty of Versailles (2)

  League of Nations is established: organization intended to arbitrate international disputes and thereby avoid future wars  National determination for some: eg) Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia was established  Germany was given two choices: sign or be invaded by the allies (no choice at all) Treaty of Versailles

  After WW1, another 21 million people died in 1918 because of the Spanish flu   ease/influenza-battling-the-last-great- virus/surviving-the-spanish-lady.html ease/influenza-battling-the-last-great- virus/surviving-the-spanish-lady.html Spanish Flu

  HS- What is the historical significance of this treaty?  Cause and Consequences: What are some unintended consequences this treaty might have?  What are some of the economic and political implications of this treaty?  Historical Perspectives: How might Germany have felt having to sign this treaty? Questions to Consider