1750 – 1914 Overview Periodization Question: Why 1750 –1914?

The Most Important Themes Industrialization Growing Globalization of Capital and Labor Imperialism Spread of New Ideologies and Reform Movements Dominance of the West, on sea & land

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Modes of Transportation/ communication ◦ Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph ◦ Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Suez Canal Suez canal opened in 1869

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Industrial Revolution ◦ Origins of I.R. – where, what and when ◦ Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith ◦ Impact of I.R. on time, family, work, labor ◦ Relationship of nations during I.R. ◦ Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism, socialism

Fatcat Miner Power loom Milltown Streetchildren

Globalization Full emergence after 1850s How did it differ from earlier proto- globalization? ◦ Volume of goods exchanged ◦ Impact of exports and imports on local economies ◦ Transnational political agreements ◦ New levels of cultural globalization ◦ Caused significant regional environmental impacts  Ex. Rubber industry in Brazil led to deforestation

Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration – Immigration ◦ Why? ◦ Where?

Demographic and Environmental Changes End of Atlantic Slave Trade New Birthrate Patterns Disease prevention and eradication Food Supply

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Industrial Revolution Commercial developments Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Women’s emancipation movements

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Latin American Independence Movements Why? Simon Bolivar

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Revolutions ◦ Why Revolution now? ◦ Where?  United States (1776)  France (1789)  Haiti (1803)  Mexico (1910)  China (1911)

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Haitian Revolution Toussaint L’Ouverture

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Mexican Revolution

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Chinese Revolution Dr. Sun Yat Sen Manchus

New Political Ideas Rise of Nationalism Growth of Nation-states/ empires

New Political Ideas Movements of Political Reform ◦ Jacobins in France ◦ Taiping Rebellion in China

New Political Ideas Rise of Democracy and its limitations ◦ Reform ◦ Women ◦ Racism ◦ Social Darwinism  Herbert Spencer

Rise of Western Dominance Patterns of Expansion Imperialism and Colonialism ◦ African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania  Ethiopia and Siam  Hawaii and New Zealand

Rise of Western Dominance Scramble for Africa

Rise of Western Dominance Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic

Rise of Western Dominance Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism) ◦ Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration ◦ Russia– Reforms and Rebellions ◦ Siam and Ethiopia--defensive modernization ◦ China--Boxer Rebellion Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations

Rise of Western Dominance ◦ Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration

Rise of Western Dominance ◦ China—Boxer Rebellion

Comparisons Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan (causes and early phases) Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin American and Chinese) Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman empire, China, India and Japan.

Ottomans- 19 th century Young Turk Revolutionaries The Last Sultans

Comparisons Nationalism Forms of intervention in 19 th century Latin America and Africa Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe

European women 19 th century British family in India Queen Victoria’s family Russian peasant family

Continuities Traditional commerce, markets cont’d, new commercial innovations like department stores only controlled 5% of retail commerce Reactions to Western economic and military pressure were heavily influenced by local traditions Societies compensated for disruptions by appealing to traditional themes as a source of stability ◦ Ex. Thanksgiving in the US or the importance of the Emperor in Japan