Sexual Reproduction Chapter 38

I1.Sexual/Asexual Reproduction Exact copy Mitosis One parent Constant conditions Sexual Genetic variety Meiosis = eggs & sperm Two parents Changing conditions

Asexual examples: Hydra Regen-eration Of cut pieces Budding of polyps

Amoeba asexual division 2nd amoeba Nucleus

Asexual Reproduction: Runners in strawberries Spores in Puffball Mushrooms

Sexual Reproduction

“Joey” develops in a Pouch

Flowering Plants Sexual Reproduction Dry Pollen For sperm

Ferns Sexual & Asexual Reproduction

Comparison of Egg & Sperm Round Floats Food reserves One Ovaries 1N haploid Sperm Oval Flagella No food reserves Many secrete enzyme to penetrate egg membrane Testicles 1N haploid

Sperm 1/600th inch Survives in Temperature of 93o – 97o 3 Parts: Head or Cap – holds Genetic Information of Father Body – filled with mitochondria & supplies energy Tail – flagellum to propel and move 200 million sperm made every 24 hours 750 feet of twisted tubules which contain specialized cells that each care for about 150 sperm Testosterone & Estrogen made exactly balanced to develop specific sexual characteristics

February 23, 2010 Draw a sperm and label its parts Review Vocab #2 Notes 38.1 Inside Story page 1033

Meiosis in the Gonads Sperm Meiotic cell division Egg

Gonads make gametes! Testes make sperm

Male Reproduction Scrotum – sac surrounding testes that maintain temperature – muscles contract/relax Temperature must be 3o below body for sperm Testes – produces sperm cells haploid (1n) produce 4 Sperm – male gamete Enzymes in cap or head allow sperm to penetrate egg Nucleus contains genetic material Mitochondria – lots for energy to move Flagellum – for movement

Semen - fluid Epidiymis – stores sperm from testes until mature Vas Deferens – duct that carries sperm to ejaculatory glands and urethra Semen - fluid Seminal Vesicles - at base of bladder that secretes mucous like fluid to increase fructose energy Prostate glands – underneath bladder secretes alkaline fluid to help sperm survive & move Bulburethral Glands – secrete clear sticky alkaline fluid protecting sperm by neutralizing acidic environment of vagina

Uretha – tube running from the bladder that carries urine out through the penis. Semen enters the urethra after a muscle closes it off from the bladder. Semen is ejaculated through this tube that runs the length of the penis.

Chromosomes Sex Chromosome Y determines a Male

February 24, 2010 List the hormones and their actions for the male and female reproductive system. Trace the pathway of sperm from the testes Notes cont….

Reproduction Hormones - Puberty Produced by Function Testosterone Testicles Male sex traits FSH Pituitary Stimulates LH LH Release of egg Estrogen Ovaries Female sex traits Progesterone Corpus luteum Maintains Uterus lining

Gonads make gametes! Ovaries make eggs

Female Reproductive System Ovary – size of an almond, where eggs are produced approximately 400/life Egg production is before birth, goes through meiosis – prophase 1 then rests till sexual maturity Oviduct – tube that transports the egg to the uterus, fertilization occurs here Ovulation – oocytes finish meiosis the egg ruptures the ovary & released into oviduct (1n) 1 egg, 3 polar bodies dissolve Fertilized egg remains in oviduct for 7 days then divides and embeds in the lining of uterus–9 months

Unfertilized - the egg and lining of the uterus will shed called the… Phases of Menstrual Cycle: 1. Flow Phase - Discard of egg & uterine lining – lasts approximately 5 days 2. Follicular Phase – FSH increases & another follicle goes through meiosis II, lasts from day 6-14, LH released & Ovulation occurs around day 14 by rupturing ovary 3. Luteal phase – 15-28 days the corpus luteum releases progesterone & some estrogen to increase blood supply (lipids) preparing for pregnancy by thickening the endometrium lining of the uterus

February 25 Draw the negative feedback cycle… Then describe it in words. PS Lab 38.1 Finish up Notes

Negative Feedback Cycle

Menstrual Cycle

Tracking Hormone Levels Day 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 LH 17 46 35 19 13 FSH 15 7 Estrogen 5 9 11 Progesterone 1 3 Make a graph showing the changes in amounts of LH & FSH throughout the menstrual cycle. Use 2 different colors & label please. Make another graph showing the levels of estrogen and progesterone.

Tracking Hormone Levels (cont) Analysis: 1. Describe the pattern of each hormone. 2. Indicate with a dashed line how progesterone level would look if pregnancy occurred.

Tubal ligation