Conception and Prenatal Development What do you already know about conception? Let’s discuss before you begin worksheet! Chapter 4 – 2009 Developing Child Give out Study guide class before Use vocab sheet w/ ppt. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Anatomy Female sex cell called __________. Ovum is released by the ___________. Ovum travels down the ______________ tube. Sperm travels through the vagina, cervix, up the ___________ to the ___________ where it could ____________ the ovum.

Reproductive Systems Male reproductive system Female Reproductive System

Movie time… Process of Conception

Conception When the ovum (egg) and sperm unite in the fallopian tube; pregnancy begins. Fertilization can take place only 2-3 days after the ovum is released into the fallopian tube. Sperm can live for up to seven days. Only about 10 days a month can a woman can become pregnant. Irregular menstrual cycle may make it hard to determine when that will be. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Contraception Most do not protect against STD/STI A method used to avoid pregnancy Abstinence Permanent Chemical/hormonal methods Barrier methods Rhythm method Most do not protect against STD/STI Page 94 in your book: Abstinence Hormone – implants, patches, injections – all trick your body into thinking it is already pregnant. IUD – irritate the uterus; keep sperm from fertilizing egg Barrier methods – condom, diagram, cervical cap Barrier methods w/ spermacides. Rhytghm – watch calendar and know yoru body signs We can go itno this in more detail later if you want. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Other forms of fertilization (for Infertility) Artificial insemination Sperm are injected with a special needle into the uterus. May be from donor or natural father. In Vitro fertilization Fertilization occurs outside of uterus and zygote are implanted in uterus. Ovum transfer – egg taken from donor Surrogate mother Become pregnant for another couple Infertility: When a couple cannot has trouble conceiving Why might one take advantage of artificial insemination? Family disorder? Health issues? Low sperm count from father. Why might one take advantage of In Vitro? Fallopian tubs are damaged. Older parents have trouble getting pregnancy. Many new cases of multiple births have resulted. Jon & Kate and 8 (two sets of twin & sextuplets) Surrogate – can’t carry baby yourself, need someone else to host – can be done through in vitro or artificial insemination Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Three stages of baby’s development Zygote/Germinal Embryonic Fetal Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Zygote/Germinal Stage Lasts about two weeks, when cells duplicate and form into a mass of cells. Zygote travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus. The uterine lining thickens to receive the zygote. After two weeks the zygote is the size of a pinhead. Zygote is also called a blastocyst. If the zygote does not move down the tube, you can end up with ectopic pregnancy, would need surgery or might rupture fallopian tube. If zygote splits in half soon after fertilization you have IDENTICAL TWINS IF two eggs are released and fertilized you have fraternal twins – can be opposite sex. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Embryo Stage 3rd – 8th week of development Mass of cells develops into all the major systems of the human body. All organs are present, but not functioning. Brain begins to take control of organs. Drugs, alcohol are dangerous. Sac w/ amniotic fluid begins to surround embryo for protection. http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-weeks-1-to-9_10302602.bc If you don't know you are pregnant, can cause birth defects. If you know you are thinking about becoming pregnant, start cutting out “bad habits” and getting in shape. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Embryonic Period Placenta (tissue in the uterus that is rich in blood cells) develops. Umbilical cord between baby and mother carries food and oxygen to baby from mother’s blood stream, and takes away waste products. Also called the “afterbirth” it is delivered after the baby, and checked to make sure it is normal. Uses for the Placenta: http://pregnancy.about.com/cs/placentas/a/placenta.htm There are many reasons listed for eating the placenta, including it helping stem postpartum depression and it supposedly helps to contract the uterus after the birth. We know that many animals eat their own placenta, including as a means to hide the scent from predators. In Chinese Medicine, the placenta is known as a great life force and is highly respected in terms of its medicinal value. However, in this field it is not cook, but rather usually dried. To dry a placenta you would simply dehydrate it in the oven, then using a mortar and pestle grind it up. From there you can mix it with food or ingest it within capsules. Some families will take the placentas and bury them in the ground to celebrate the new life given to them. This dedication of the placenta back to the earth or in honor of the child is becoming more frequent. A year later a tree or flower is then planted in the same spot to allow the placenta to nourish its growth. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Baby has smaller head and size for gestational age; thin arms & legs. Flat mid-face and nose bridge; ear and hand anomalies; skin folds on corners of eyes. Thin lips; small lower jaw. Non-visible injuries: Central nervous system problems. Learning disabilities Emotional and behavioral disorders; hyperactivity Reduced cognitive ability Take out FAS baby. 100% preventable by abstaining from consuming alcohol. Alcohol reaches baby through umbilical cord. Fetus blood alcohol level can equal or exceed mother’s. Aggressive, increased health problems, low birth weight Doesn’t get along with others. Has been diagnosed since 1973 Also social, language and memory deficits. Not hereditary Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

video http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/adoptive-parents-give-child-awat-fasd-11734589&tab=9482930&section=1206852&playlist=11128107 Video of parents who had to give away daughter.

Alcohol statistics Among pregnant women, 1 in 10 drink alcohol. Among pregnant women, 1 in 25 binge drink. More than 1 in 5 women drink in first trimester. About 1 in 100 babies are born effected by alcohol exposure. About 1 in 1000 have FAS. Lifetime expense of baby with FAS is approx. $2m After birth, can still be affected through breast feeding.* FYI… After birth: 4 drinks in a day can impair motor development of baby – walking, rolling over, sitting… Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

How drugs affect the Unborn Three ways: Direct injury – leading to birth defects or death Constriction of blood vessels in the placenta, reduces oxygen supply & nutrients to fetus, resulting in low birth weight and/or premature birth. Forceful premature contractions of uterine muscles, reducing blood supply. May trigger premature birth or preterm labor. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Life time effects Up to 2 years: Toddler to preschool: Feeding, Cerebral Palsy, irritability, poor weight gain, tremors, vision problems… Toddler to preschool: Social interaction, delayed language develop., processing information, hyperactivity… Early school – Teenage years: Behavioral problems, learning disabilities, neglect and abuse. Cerebral Palsy – damage to brain – motor skill abiltiy, coord. Speech affected Take out Drug affected baby – let students feel tremors. Long-term care: Need special care. Special education, medical, psychological help. Agencies to help Cost: Longer hospital stays as infant. - cost for extra medical care and for abandoned children. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Drug Exposure More than 90% of pregnant women take or use some type of drug. Between 550,000 – 750,000 infants have been exposed to drugs. 2 – 3 % of birth defects are a result of prenatal drug exposure. No drug should be used without Dr. supervision. No SAFE drugs – but may be prescribed by doctor, then OK . Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Fetal Stage 8th week – birth “Flutter” about 4th-5th month – feeling of first kick. “Quickening” when kicks become more frequent and stronger. 7th month baby can live outside of womb but will need medical care. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Fetal Stage 8th -9th month Organs begin to be ready to function Moves into head down position Amniotic fluid decreases Weight gain continues Fetus gains fat cells to protect it and keep it warm; Baby’s skin becomes smoother as it fills in. Organs begin to be ready to function Moves into head down position Baby engages Amniotic fluid decreases Baby is filling up most of uterus Weight gain continues for baby Fetus gains fat cells to protect it and keep it warm; Baby’s skin becomes smoother as it fills in. Making it ready for the outside environment. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Preparing for birth “Lightening” when baby’s weight shifts down into position. Days to weeks before labor begins. Should be head down. Child will be born 37-42 weeks after conception. Safest way to be born, still stressful on mother’s body. Muscles of the uterus and abdomen can be stretched up to 60X their normal size and return to shape afterwards w/in 6 weeks after birth. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Chromosomes Chromosomes contains genetic materials that determine who you are hereditarily 46 total – 23 from egg/ 23 from sperm Dominant genes – stronger gene; characteristics are prominent Recessive genes – weaker gene; characteristic is “carried” but may not be seen. Sex chromosomes – XX is girl/ XY is boy Chromosomes contains genetic materials to determine who you are hereditarily 46 total – 23 from egg/ 23 from sperm Dominant genes – stronger gene; characteristics are prominent Recessive genes – weaker gene; characteristic is “carried” but may not be seen. Sex chromosomes – XX is girl/ XY is boy HAND BACK CH 4 STUDY GUIDE – GO TO PAGE W/ PUNIT SQUARES – GO OVER Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Birth Defects Hereditary or environmental causes Physical or mental May spontaneously abort – miscarriage May have still birth – death of developing baby after 20 weeks Genetic counseling and prenatal testing to have knowledge of defect and how to live with it. Environment: Nutrition Infections mother had – needs could be harmful to baby, but good for mom Alcohol, tobacco, drugs THALIDIMIDE BABIES X-rays Hereditary: Carries recessive gene w/ disease Errors in chromosomes – Down syndrome has an extra chromosome – interferes w/ development May be both heredity and environmental. Intermarriage – recessive genes come out more. Age/health of mother – older eggs can have weaker genetic material – down syndrome, for example What problems can birth defect cause family? Miscarriage story Approx 15% end in miscarrieatge Still birth – death of a developing baby after 20 weeks. Abot 2% GO OVER BIRTH DEFECTS IN PACKET FOR CH 4. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Diseases that can cause defects Chicken Pox Skin scarring, limb defects, eye problems, abnormalities, miscarriage. Vaccine before becoming pregnant Rubella (German Measles) Blindness, deafness, heart disease, mental delays Vaccine before getting pregnant Toxoplasmosis Blindness, learning disablities, miscarriage, stillbirth Do not clean cat litter; eat uncooked meat; contaminated produce STDs & AIDS Physical & mental disabilities; death Discuss exposure w/ doctor; get tested; take precautions Toxoplasmosis – microscopic parasites that affect the placenta First trimest – 15%; Second trimester – 30%; Thirs 60%. BUT more severe if contracted early Prenatal Dev. 10/2009

Prenatal testing Prenatal test Description Risk Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (15 – 20 weeks) Blood test No risk to date. Ultrasound (20th week) Sound Waves used to make image of fetus. No risk to date http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-labor-and-birth_3658872.bc Amniocentesis (16th week) Withdraw amniotic fluid to determine defects Miscarriage Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) (6-10 wks) Take sample of tissue from placenta 10 weeks AFP: Protien in fetus’ liver is detected in mother’s blood Tell stories Show Miracle of Life. Section 2 & 3 (time – about 20 minutes?) Show: The Female repro to 7:25 Male repro to 15:28 The egg: 10:04 to blue float The Egg: 45:00 to end The egg jump to 48:39 for fetal dev. Live birth at 55 min. Ch 4 SG: Go over Punit Squares & Birth Defects: if not already done Downs Syndrome Tay Sachs Disease – ability to process and use fat FAS syndrome baby, Drug affected baby. Prenatal Dev. 10/2009