1. Chapter 4 Prenatal Development
Child Development
Chapter 4
Prenatal Development

2. Section 1 The Developing Baby
Chapter 4
Section 1
The Developing Baby

3. 1. Explain the process of conception using the following terms: Fallopian tube, uterus, sperm, ovum.
An ovum is released from the ovary.
It travels through the Fallopian tube to the uterus.
Conception occurs if sperm reach the Fallopian tube and penetrate and fertilize the ovum.

5. 2. Prenatal Development Stage Time Span Development Germinal
Conception to 2 weeks
Zygote forms/grows by cell division; zygote implants in uterus
Embryonic
3rd thru 8th week
Embryo develops rapidly; major body systems form; brain begins to control body systems.
Fetal
8th or 9th week thru birth
Teeth/vocal cord buds develop; digestive/kidney system develops; movement begins; major organs become ready to function; gains weight

7. 3. Explain each of the following:
Amniotic fluid
Liquid that fills the sac that forms around the developing baby to protect it.

8. Placenta Tissue rich in blood vessels that forms in the uterus
Absorbs oxygen and nourishment from mother to pass to baby.

9. Umbilical cord
Tube that carries nourishment and oxygen from the placenta to the baby

10. 4. Changes in mother during first 2 months of pregnancy
Menstrual period stops
Breasts swell
Frequent urination
Possible nausea
Fatigue (tiredness)

11. 5. What is lightening and when does it occur?
Baby shifts downward into the birth canal.
It occurs near the end of the 40 weeks of pregnancy.

12. Inside Out: The Growing Years: Conception to Childhood – 28 minutes stop at 19:15?

13. Section 2 A Closer Look at Conception
Chapter 4
Section 2
A Closer Look at Conception

14. 6. What is heredity? Name 3 characteristics that can be hereditary.
Heredity – the passing of characteristics from parents to children through genes.
Hair color
Eye color
Blood type

15. 7. Summarize the relationship between chromosomes, genes, genomes, and DNA.
DNA – a complex molecule that makes up genes
Genes – the units that determine a person’s inherited characteristics
Chromosomes – tiny threadlike structures that are made up of hundreds or thousands of genes
Genome – the complete genetic blueprint for the creation of a person

16. 8. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive genes.
The stronger of the pair of genes
The characteristic it determines will be expressed when it is paired with a recessive gene
Recessive
the weaker of the pair of genes
The characteristic it determines will only be expressed IF the person has a second recessive gene for that characteristic

17. 9. Which parent can provide either an X or a Y to the baby
9. Which parent can provide either an X or a Y to the baby? Which chromosome must come from this parent for the child to be female?
The father
The X chromosome

19. 10. Explain how each of the following occurs:
Identical twins
Fertilized egg develops into cell mass
Cell mass splits in two
Each part develops into separate embryo
Fraternal twins
Two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm
Two embryos form

20. 11. What is the ONLY guaranteed way to avoid pregnancy?
ABSTINENCE!!!!

21. A couple of definitions…
Infertility – the inability to become pregnant
Can occur in both men and women
Surrogate – a substitute mother who becomes pregnant to have a baby for another woman

22. 12. Complete the following chart about options for infertility.
Description
Adoption
A child who is not biologically the couple’s child becomes a part of the family.
Artificial insemination
Sperm is injected into a woman’s uterus.
In vitro fertilization
An egg from the woman is removed and fertilized with sperm from the man and then placed in the woman’s uterus.
Ovum transfer
A fertilized egg from a donor is placed in the woman’s uterus.
Surrogate mother
A woman become pregnant for a woman who cannot have a baby.

23. 13. What are 3 reasons a couple who want children might not use these options?
Personal beliefs
No specialists nearby
Too expensive

24. Section 3 Problems in Prenatal Development
Chapter 4
Section 3
Problems in Prenatal Development

25. 14. Miscarriage – loss of a baby prior to 20th week
Stillbirth – death of a baby after the 20th week of pregnancy

26. 15. Birth Defects PKU – inability of body to process a certain protein
Sickle cell anemia - malformed red blood cells interfere with oxygen supply
Tay-Sachs disease – Lack of a certain blood chemical makes body unable to process certain fats in brain and nerve cells.
Down Syndrome – extra chromosome 21 typically results in mental retardation

27. 16. Causes of birth defects
Environment- poor nutrition, diseases, harmful substances, medicines, exposure to hazards
Heredity – inheriting 2 defective recessive genes, inheriting one defective dominant gene
Errors in chromosomes – having too few or too many, broken, or rearranged
Interaction of heredity and environment – inherited genetic predisposition toward a defect along with exposure to a hazard during pregnancy

28. 17. What does a genetic counselor do?
Uses info from physical exams and medical history to assess a couple’s risk for having a child with certain birth defects.

29. 18. Prenatal tests Test Description Risk Alpha-fetaprotein
Mom’s blood is tested for abnormal levels of protein
No known risk
Ultrasound
Sound waves used to make video image
Amniocentesis
A small amount of amniotic fluid is removed and tested
Some risk to fetus
Chorionic villi sampling
Tissue taken from membrane that encases fetus
Moderate risk

30. Amniocentesis & Chorionic Villi sampling

31. Section 4 Avoiding Dangers to the Baby
Chapter 4
Section 4
Avoiding Dangers to the Baby

32. 19. Compare the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects?
Similarities
Both caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
Both cause many of same problems
1 in 5 FAS babies does not live to see 1st birthday
Differences
FAS is more severe

33. Fetal Abuse: The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol 17 mins

34. Learning Disabilities Caused by FAS 3 mins.

35. 20. Why is it critical to avoid taking medications in the first 3 months of pregnancy unless specifically prescribed?
The baby’s body systems, including the brain, are forming.
Chemicals in some medications taken at this time may cause severe harm, including mental retardation.

36. 21. Describe the possible effects on a baby of each hazard listed below.
Caffeine
Miscarriage
Premature birth/Low birth weight
Infant death
Tobacco
Low birth weight/Premature birth
Respiratory infections
allergies
Cocaine
Stroke
Heart attack
Seizures, SIDS, tremors
Sleep and feeding difficulties
Developmental delay

37. 22. What is SIDS?
The sudden death of a baby under one year of age with no clear cause.

38. SIDS 17 mins.

39. 23. If an expectant mother needs X-rays because of an accident, why should she tell doctors that she is pregnant?
X-rays can harm the baby.
Doctors can take precautions to limit the baby’s exposure.

40. 24. Give 3 examples of hazardous substances pregnant women should avoid.
Paint
Pesticides
Lead
Carbon monoxide
Mercury
Solvents
Paint thinner

41. 25. Infections during pregnancy
Possible effects on baby
Prevention
Rubella
Blindness, deafness, heart disease, mental retardation
vaccine
Toxoplasmosis
Blindness, hearing loss, learning disabilities, death, mental disabilities, miscarriage, stillbirth
Do not clean cat’s litter boxes; don’t eat undercooked meat; wash hands thoroughly after touching raw meat
Chicken pox
Skin scarring, limb defects, eye problems
Get vaccine before pregnant
STDs
Serious illnesses; physical disabilities; death
Get tested and treated
AIDS
35-65% chance virus will pass from mom to baby; Attacks the brain; seizures, retarded, mental development
Get tested