Modern Genetics

Name some foods that you eat. How is Genetics used in everyday life? Name some foods that you eat. How many of them do you think are genetically altered?

Genetically Modified Foods What are the Benefits? What are the Risks? Believe It or Not, YOU are the generation that will decide how to use this technology!!!!

Genome Is the complete set of genetic material in an organism- the order of the bases in the DNA Can fit into the nucleus of a single cell because of the “packing system”

The Human Genome Project Mapping the sequence of nucleotides… ACCGTTTAACCGTATAGGACCACT… for the entire amount of DNA in our cells This info is then entered into a computer database Researchers then compare the data to find genes, evolutionary links, and more

Recombinant DNA Combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule Why is this useful? Organisms can be modified to produce products that benefit everyone Examples: Bacteria that could clean up oil spills or toxic waste sites Vaccine production Insulin production – Pure human form 4. Gene cloning 5. Genetically modified plants and animals

Biotechnology The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans- to analyze and manipulate the genomes of organisms

Plasmids A small circular DNA molecule separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome.

Plasmids – BIG DEAL What can they be used for?

Restriction Enzymes These are tools used to “cut” DNA in specific locations AAAATTCCGAGACGAATTCAATACGAATTCGGGTTAAACCCCCGAATTCGGGCCTCA How many times do you see GAATTC? Draw a line between the G&A (in these sections) So how many sections of DNA do you have now?

The Good With the Bad The manipulation of DNA allows scientists to do some interesting things. **Scientists have developed many transgenic organisms, which are organisms that contain genes from other organisms. Recently, scientists have removed a gene for green fluorescent protein from a jellyfish and tried to insert it into a monkey.

1. **Transgenic animals are often used in research. What might be the benefit to medical research of a mouse whose immune system is genetically altered to mimic some aspect of the human immune system? 2. **Transgenic plants and animals may have increased value as food sources. What might happen to native species if transgenic animals or plants were released into the wild?

Nucleic Acid Probe Let’s say we want to find the sequence TAGGCT A complimentary strand of DNA that has been radioactively labeled Let’s say we want to find the sequence TAGGCT

Plants Animals Animal Cloning What is it How is it done When? Use of plasmids from the soil to introduce new genes To improve the characteristics of the plants To delay ripening Improved nutritional content Resistance to spoilage or disease Extract an egg cell Sperm fertilizes the egg Desired gene is injected into the fertilized egg Same as plants- better quality “wool” Or to mature in a shorter time To make vaccines Growth hormones The nucleus from a single cell replaces the nucleus of an unfertilized egg from another animal- the egg develops into an animal that has the same genome as the nuclear donor Cloning can offer the potential to mass produce an animal Entire genomes can be cloned “Dolly”

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) A method for amplifying a DNA base sequence. How? The newly synthesized DNA strands can serve as templates for making more DNA—amplifying the desired sequence. When? Can detect viral genes infected with the virus that causes AIDS

PCR

**Genetic Markers- particular stretches of DNA that are variable among individuals Ex.) DNA fragments that include certain disease alleles have distinct genetic markers **DNA fingerprinting- a particular banding pattern produced by your restriction fragments - Unless you have an identical twin, it is unlikely to have the exact same fingerprint

Gel Electrophoresis A method of separating large molecules (such as DNA fragments or proteins). How? An electric current is passed through a medium containing the mixture Each kind of molecule travels through the medium at a different rate, depending on its electrical charge and size. Separation is based on these differences.

Gel Electrophoresis DNA plus restriction enzyme Power source Longer fragments Mixture of DNA fragments Shorter fragments Gel

                                                

Stem cells -Cells with the potential to “turn into” an undifferentiated cells -Have the potential into various types of cells

DNA Sequencing Any lab technique used to find out the sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule or fragment.

DNA Sequencing Power source Gel Single strand of DNA Fluorescent dye Strand broken after A Strand broken after C Strand broken after G Strand broken after T Power source Gel DNA Sequencing Go to Section:

Gene Therapy The process of introducing new genes into the DNA of a person's cells to correct a genetic disease or flaw

Making Recombinant DNA Section 13-3 Gene for human growth hormone Recombinant DNA Gene for human growth hormone DNA recombination Human Cell Sticky ends DNA insertion Bacterial Cell Plasmid Bacterial cell containing gene for human growth hormone Go to Section: Bacterial chromosome

Cloning A body cell is taken from a donor animal. Flowchart Cloning A body cell is taken from a donor animal. An egg cell is taken from a donor animal. The nucleus is removed from the egg. The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock. The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo. The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother. The embryo develops into a cloned animal.

Cloning of the First Mammal A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor Nucleus These two cells are fused using an electric shock. Fused Cell Egg Cell Cloned Lamb The nucleus of the egg cell is removed. An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep. Embryo The fused cell begins dividing normally. The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother. Foster Mother Go to Section: