Dr Riffat Haque

Women triple roles 1. Reproductive: child bearing/rearing & domestic tasks and maintenance of the labor force. 2. Productive: work which bring cash and subsistence/ home production, farm or wage work. 3. Community: community work which is an extension of their reproductive role. Which is voluntary & unpaid such as education, health, water. (men’s contribution has status, wages, and power)

Concepts of Gender analysis for planning 1. Practical gender needs: related with women’s socially accepted roles. - Identified by women themselves & or government - It does not challenge the gender division of labor or women’s subordinate positions. - PGN are related with immediate perceived necessity often concerned with inadequacies such as water, health care, employment, housing…

2. Strategic gender needs related with women’s subordinate position in the society. - Related with particular social, cultural context & nature of woman and man relationship - It can vary according to particular context i.e. related to gender division of labour, power and control__ legal rights, domestic violence, equal wages... - SGN changes existing roles, challenges women’s subordination, helps women to gain equality. - Feminists concern for bottom up struggle- the ‘women’s real interests’.

THREE SCHOOL OF THOUGHT  WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT  WOMEN & DEVELOPMENT  GENDER &DEVELOPMENT

POLICY APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENT Since 1950’s – shifts in policy approaches M. Buvinic (1980’s)-----Caroline Moser (1995) ► WELFARE APPROACH ► EQUITY APPROACH ► ANTI-POVERTY APPROACH ► EFFICIENCY APPROACH ► EMPOWERMENT APPROACH

WELFARE APPROACH Social Welfare continued from the colonizers. - Pre WID Approach - Accelerated economic growth/Moderanization To bring women in development so that they are better mothers- the most important role of child rearing. To meet PGN of mothers reproductive role such as; food, malnutrition, family planning Women seen as passive beneficiaries. Short term- relief activity

WELFARE APPROACH continued… Colonization- Welfare concern of voluntary charities as govt concerned with law and order+ trade and agriculture. Post independence- margenalized ministries of welfare & mostly private relief agencies especially targeted vulnerable groups-women, disabled etc. Two pronged approach a) Hard-edged: Financial aid for economic growth- targeting men. b) Soft-edged: Relief Aid- targeting women. Non- challenging---widely popular in govt and NGO sector, UNICEF,UNHHCR Top- down approach ( Food, MCH, population planning) Critique: Dev projects were negatively affecting women, Failure of modernization theory. Resulted in UN 1975 International women’s year Conference- women were put in development agendas

WID Women should be made part of development. To improve women’s education, employment, political representation, participation in social welfare. Funds for women activities. WID offices in USAID etc offices. Modernization will have trickle down effect in favor of poor and also women. And women’s families will also benefit. It did not touched the existing social structures It emphasized women’s productive role and ignored the reproductive role

EQUITY APPROACH UN Women Decade Recognition women are active participants in development- so to gain EQUITY for women in the dev process by recognizing her triple roles. SGN by involvement of state by giving political and economic autonomy to women thus challenged her subordinate position Ministries and Bureau created. It was considered western feminist agenda and not popular with govt’s.

EQUITY APPROACH Continued… In Third World WID approach of modernization created inequalities because: a) Productive role not recognized b) Women restricted to reproductive role c) Application of western values. USAID projects emphasized to bring women into national economies and dev: process. Women access to employment & market. By focusing on gender division of labor the equity approach tried to meet SGN. The policies prepared top-down legislation but adopted consultation and participatory approach

EQUITY APPROACH Continued… Equity approach had methodological difficulties due to lack of: Baseline data eco, social, political Ambiguity in indicators Dev agencies hostile to the approach in meeting both PGN & SGN. They found it difficult to tamper the traditions/cultural fabric of the local society W Conference labeled WID as ethnocentric feminism

WAD Women are already part of development. Dependency theory—that third world depends on the capitalist world--which is based on exploitation and inequality. Women only projects initiated. To remove Inequalities existing structures need to be challenged

ANTI-POVERTY APPROACH 1970’s onward. A toned down approach to increase the productivity of poor women. Poverty of Woman was considered due to underdevelopment and not subordination. Woman’s productive role recognized. To meet PGN to earn income- Small scale projects. NGO income generating projects.

ANTI-POVERTY APPROACH continued ILO –employment & income generation for women became a policy objective World bank wanted to eradicate poverty and redistribution with growth. To meet basic needs (food, clothing, shelter..) and social needs (edu, health, human rights..) It disturbed the balance of power in family and else where still men were in control. Women were not introduced to new traits. The whole process was not participatory. The govts were reluctant to share the resources. NGO depended on grants rather than loans from international agencies. Financial benefits had not trickled down

GAD Holistic approach on gender Shifted focus from women to gender Re-examine all social, political and economic structures from gender perspective. Redistribution of power relations Re-conceptualize development process taking gender and global inequalities Transformative change-gender mainstreaming

GAD focuses on: Gender Division of Labour Intervention in women triple role Access to and control over resources and benefits. Influencing factors such as; culture, financial, religious, politcal… Condition and positions of men and women in the society. Practical and Strategic interests of women and men. Levels of participation. Gender analysis of the women’s struggle/ movement

EFFICIENCY APPROACH Post 1980’s Deterioration in world economy Policies of eco stabilization depend on women’s eco contribution in dev Low income women were targeted. Dev can be ensured more efficient and effective if women participate equally To meet PGN –relying on women 3 roles Women’s working day was extended It was a popular approach with govt & multilateral agencies

EFFICIENCY APPROACH CONTINUED… USAID, WB etc proposed that women eco participation in dev will increase efficiency and equity together because we are wasting 50% human resources. Lack of edu and under productive technologies were identified as constraints. IMF & WB introduced structural adjustment policies to combat the eco down turn. - By relocation of resources, exports, restoration of balance of payments. SAP’s was a top down approach, did increase efficiency but exploited the women’s unpaid time- male bias. SAP resulted in govts social expenditure which meant effecting women’s PGN, food subsidies, edu, health … SAP were at the cost of women productive as well as reproductive role- elasticity in time allocated to diff activities --men won’t take unpaid domestic work UNICEF highlighted how SAP has damaged women roles and dev as such

EMPOWERMENT APPROACH 1975, 80’s onwards To improve women through greater self reliance To reach SGN in terms of triple roles-through bottom up approach, mobilize around PGN as a means to confront oppression. Un supported by state govts Growth of under financed voluntary organizations. Western feminist agenda – colonial and neo- colonial agenda. Though the whole idea of EA was derived from third world feminist writing and their grassroots work experiences. Empowerment does not mean power over others but self-reliance and internal strength of women

Equity had less emphasis but more on women’s status vs men Jayawardene argue that women subordination is with in the family and due to race, class, colonial history & now IMF govt policies has aggravated it. So women have to challenge multiple oppressive structures and situations at different levels It is not necessary that PGN will lead to SGN. National liberation was emphasized and participatory planning, NGO role, Institutional changes in legal codes, political mobilization, consciousness raising and education. More over legal status of women in marriage, benefit rights, property rights. Employment, excess to credit and skill training. Gender and environment planning, housing and human settlement etc Empowering ourselves through organization- Involving women from movements, networks, organizations alliances with an aim to empower women by rejecting bureaucratic structures in favour of non-hierarchical structures DAWN (Dev alternative with women for a new era) SEWA