©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers CHAPTER 24 COLD WAR AND HOT WAR 1945–1953 CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “…the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce…” American diplomat, George Kennan, calling for the containment of Soviet expansion, 1946

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1944Servicemen’s Readjustment Act Smith v. Allwright 1945United Nations created 1946Morgan v. Virginia Mendez v. Westminster President Truman stops railroad workers and coal miners strikes Churchill warns of Russian “iron curtain” Philippines independence Indian Claims Commission

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE continued 1947Jackie Robinson joins the Brooklyn Dodgers Britain unable to provide financial assistant to Greece and Turkey President’s Committee on Civil Rights Truman’s federal employee loyalty program National Security Act 1948UN Human Rights Charter Shelley v. Kraemer Anticommunist, apartheid regime takes control in South Africa Britain withdraws from Palestine Harry Truman wins Presidency 1949 Leaders of U.S. Communist party convicted of promoting overthrow of U.S. government National Secuirty Act amendments

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE continued 1950Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma U.S. forces arrive in Korea Alger Hiss convicted of perjury McCarthy’s list of 250 Communists in the State Department National Security Councils McCarran-Walter Act 1953Rosenbergs executed for treason

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers COLD WAR AND HOT WAR Overview HThe Uncertainties of Victory HThe Quest for Security HA Cold War Society HThe United States and Asia

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE UNCERTAINTIES OF VICTORY HGlobal Destruction HVacuums of Power HPostwar Reconversion HContesting Racial Hierarchies HClass Conflict

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Global Destruction H60 million lives lost in World War II HAmerica’s trading partners, Europe and Asia, lost their purchasing powers HU.S. versus Russia hampers postwar reconstruction

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Vacuums of Power HFascism, militarism, white supremacy, colonialism: Losers at the end of WWII HSocialists, communists, and radicals fill the vacuum HLabor party in Britain HSoviet Union HSocialist and communist parties in France, Italy, Belgium, and Scandinavia HIndonesia gains independence from Dutch HIndia gains independence from Britain HHo Chi Minh begins fight for independent Vietnam HUnited Nations created by Allies in April, 1945

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Postwar Reconversion HThe “boys come home”: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 HFinancial aid; low-cost mortgages; VA hospitals; college and vocational training HFactories: convert from war materials to consumer products HWar-time rationing lifted HHousing scarce: 1/3 still live in poverty HWomen: returning men push women from jobs; federal daycare facilities discontinued

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Contesting Racial Hierarchies HReturning from fighting racism, minority challenges HReturn to violence, lynchings, beatings, segregation HSegregation upheld by U.S. Supreme Court in voting primaries, interstate transportation, contracts for house sales, graduate schools HPopular culture crosses racial lines: Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Jackie Robinson, HSegregation overturned for Mexican Americans in California schools; Native Americans help pass anti- discrimination law in Alaska

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Class Conflict HLabor unions suffer blows HMajor railroad workers and miners strikes crushed HCIO’s attempt to organize a diverse group of southern workers fails HThe Republican Party victorious in 1946 elections HTaft-Hartley Act

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE QUEST FOR SECURITY HRedefining National Security HConflict with the Soviet Union HThe Policy of Containment HColonialism and the Cold War HThe Impact of Nuclear Weapons

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Redefining National Security HThe United States primary goal: HThe creation and preservation of a free-trading capitalist world order HThe Soviet Union and western Europeans consideration of communism HSecretary of State Acheson: “Hopeless and hungry people often resort to desperate measures.”

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Conflict with the Soviet Union HU.S.: capitalism and openess HSoviet Union: communism and border protection HGermany: (U.S.) rebuilt to a trading partner, or (Soviet) kept impoverished to protect the Soviet Union HPoland: Allies insist on free elections, Soviets want control of Poland HIran: Soviet encouraged uprising HTurkey and Greece: Soviets desire for control of the Bosporus and Dardanelles

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Policy of Containment HKennan: “Soviet hostility as a function of traditional Russian insecurity overlaid with newer Marxist justifications” HChurchill: the Russian “iron curtain” across Europe HContinued U.S. military presence around the world HThe Truman Doctrine HThe rebuilding of Germany and Japan

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Colonialism and the Cold War HNATO: colonial powers of Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, and Portugal HIndependence to avoid revolutions HPhilippines HVietnam (France holds onto) HPalestine and the Jewish settlers of Israel

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Europe Divided by the Cold War

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Impact of Nuclear Weapons HBikini Islanders, Utah, and Nevada experience high cancer rates where atomic bomb tests occurred HNavajo uranium miners HWeapon plans leak radioactivity into groundwater HRadioactive waste and where to put it?

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers A COLD WAR SOCIETY HFamily Lives HThe Growth of the South and the West HHarry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform HThe Cold War at Home HWho is a Loyal American?

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Family Lives HSuburbia HLevittown H1950: housing construction at 1.7 million HSegregation by moves to suburbia H“The Perfect Family” with highly defined gender roles, and the importance of child- rearing

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Growth of the South and the West HU.S. military bases in the South and on the west coast; and the Alaska-Canada highway HThe Sunbelt in the South: the car and air- conditioning HCalifornia’s agricultural boom

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform HNational health care program stopped by conservatives calling it communist policy HTruman courts the black vote in swing states with a platform of Civil Rights

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Cold War at Home HThe Rosenbergs H“Henry Wallace and his Communists” HInternal Security Act of 1950: requires Communist party members to register with government and allows emergency incarceration HHouse Un-American Activities Committee HMcCarthyism

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Who is a Loyal American? HFamily life becomes primary and religion grows HBlack America: HNAACP distances themselves from any perceived socialism/communism HW.E.B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson HNative Americas HIndian Claims Commission and Dillon Myer HAsian Americans HMcCarran-Walter Act of 1952

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA HThe Chinese Civil War HThe Creation of the National Security State HAt War in Korea

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Chinese Civil War HChina: missionaries and America’s market HChinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong HOctober 1, 1949: China becomes the People’s Republic of China HNationalists retreat to Taiwan

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Creation of the National Security State HSoviet Union and their first nuclear bomb HNational Security Council document 68 (NSC-68) HImperatives of military power HGlobal involvement HIncreased defense spending HCentral Intelligence Agency HNational Security Council

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers At War in Korea HJune 25, 1950: Communist North Korea crosses the 38th parallel into South Korea HLate June 1950, U.S. forces arrive in Korea HPolice action, not declared war HRussia perceived as instigator HMcArthur

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Korean War