Chapter 28 First Aid and Emergencies Lesson 1 Providing First Aid

You’ll learn to… Relate the nation’s goal & objectives for improving individual, family, & community health to learning & using appropriate first-aid procedures. Understand the importance of learning first aid. Analyze strategies for responding to accidental injuries.

First Aid Is the immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care can be provided. Learning first-aid is an important step in meeting the nation’s health goals in Healthy People 2010. Using first-aid can reduce the number of people who sustain further injury or die in the absence of early & effective treatment.

Universal Precautions Are actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluids as if they contained pathogens. Wearing protective gloves Using a rescue mask Washing hands before & after providing care

Responding to an Emergency Recognizing an emergency is the first step in responding to it. Common indicators of an emergency include: Unusual sights, sounds, odors, and behaviors

Steps to take in an Emergency Check, Call, Care Check the scene and the victim Call for help 9-1-1 or the local emergency number Care for the victim

CHECK the scene & the victim Look the scene over & try to answer these questions: Is the scene safe? What happened? How many victims are there? Can bystanders help?

Is the scene safe? Spilled chemicals Traffic Fire Downed electrical lines Extreme weather Poisonous gas Before you can help the victim, you must make sure the scene is safe for you and others. If necessary, assign a bystander to direct traffic away.

Checking a victim Never move a seriously injured person unless: There is immediate danger You have to reach a more seriously injured person You need to move a victim to provide proper care Practice moving a victim to provide proper care (p. 17) Check for consciousness- if not conscious call 9-1-1 Sometimes the most important thing a person can do to help in an emergency is to call for help

Call 9-1-1 Call first situations: An unconscious person Cardiac emergencies Call fast situations: Breathing, bleeding, and other non-cardiac emergencies When To Call & How To Call EMS (pp. 19-21) read the list aloud Examples of call fast situations: Any victim of submersion or near drowning Cardiac arrest associated with trauma A victim of drug overdose

Care for a Conscious Victim Introduce yourself Get permission to treat Ask what happened Give care Ask where the pain is and what it’s like: Burning, aching, sharp, stinging and how bad it is. Be calm and patient Speak normally and simply

Care always care for life-threatening first Once you have checked the scene and the victim, you may need to provide care. While waiting for EMS to arrive, watch for changes in the victim’s breathing and consciousness. Help the victim rest comfortably. Keep the victim from getting chilled or overheated. Reassure the victim.

Types of Injuries

Open Wounds Abrasion (scrape) Incision (cut / laceration) Avulsion Puncture

Scrape (abrasion) Most common type of wound caused by skin that has been rubbed or scrapped away Usually painful because scraping away of outer skin exposes nerve endings

Incision (cut / laceration) May be jagged or smooth edges Commonly caused by sharp objects (glass, knife) Can also be caused by a blow from a blunt object Deep lacerations can result in heavy bleeding and damage to nerves, blood vessels, & other soft tissues.

Avulsion A cut in which a portion of the skin or other soft tissue is partially / completely torn away May hang like a flap Severed (finger) Can sometimes be reattached

Puncture Caused when a pointed object pieces the skin (nail, tack, bullet) Is small, but deep Usually does not cause heavy external bleeding, but may cause internal bleeding An object that remains embedded in the wound is called an impaled object

First Aid for Bleeding First put on protective equipment (gloves) Wash a minor wound with mild soap & running water to remove dirt and debris Do not attempt to clean a severe injury (avulsion) Always wash hands before and after care

Caring for an Open Wound Control bleeding (sterile dressing-direct pressure) Cover and press firmly Raise / elevate above heart (if no broken bone is suspected) Apply bandage snugly over dressing (if bleeding does not stop apply additional dressing) If bleeding cannot be controlled, put pressure to supplying artery Call for help

How to Apply a Pressure Bandage Place a dressing over the wound Secure the roller bandage over the dressing Using overlapping turns, cover the dressing completely Secure the bandage in place; tie tightly over wound Should be tight enough to maintain pressure, but not so tight that it cuts off circulation

Pressure Point Bleeding Control If elevating & applying pressure does not stop bleeding, pressure point bleeding control must be used. This procedure involves pressing the main artery against a bone It should be used only when absolutely necessary; seriously injured or possibly in shock.

Burns

Burns are caused by: Heat – most common Chemicals Electrical current Radiation (from the sun)

Burns Are a specific type of soft tissue injury You can describe burns by their cause or by their depth (the deeper the burn, the more severe it is) First degree are superficial Second & Third degree are deep A critical burn can be life-threatening

Types of Burns

Superficial (First Degree) Involve the first layer of skin (outer layer) Skin is red & dry & usually painful May be swollen Most sunburns are superficial Cool the burn with cool running water (not ice) for 10 minutes Pat dry & cover with a sterile bandage.

Partial Thickness (Second Degree) Involves top layers of skin Skin is red & blistered that may open & seep clear fluid Usually painful & often swells Cool the burn with cold water (not ice) and elevate. Wrap the area loosely with sterile, dry dressing. Do not pop blisters Seek medical attention

Full Thickness (Third Degree) Destroys all layers of skin & any/all underlying structures (fat, muscle/bones,nerves) Burns look brown/black (charred) with tissue underneath appearing white Can be either extremely painful or relatively painless (nerve endings destroyed) Call for medical help immediately Cool with large amount of water and cover the area with dry sterile dressing

Special Kinds of Burns

Chemical Burns Chemicals (cleansers, lawn & garden sprays, paint removers, bleach) come in contact with skin or eyes May cause severe burns (longer contact) Flush with large amounts of cool running water Remove clothing

Electrical Burns Never go near a victim of an electrical burn until you are sure the power source is turned off Caused by: Power lines Lightning Defective electrical equipment Electrical outlets

Electrical Burns continued Severity depends on how long the victim was in contact with power source & strength & type of current & path it takes Often deep Two wounds-enter/exit

Ch 28 Lesson 1- Review Questions Define first aid Why is it necessary to use universal precautions when giving first aid to a person who is bleeding? What are the steps you should take in an emergency? Most burns are caused by? What are the types of burns?