CMPS 101 Computer Literacy Dr. Cong-Cong Xing Dept of Math and Computer Science

Part I Introduction to Computers and MS Windows

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

What is a computer? This is it! Or…?

What is a computer? An electronic device that can manipulate data. (ok) A programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. (good) An electronic device which, under programmers’ direction and control, performs input/output, processing, and storage. (better)

What is a (computer) program? A list of instructions telling computers what to do. (ok) An implementation of an algorithm (what?) in a programming language. (good) Examples? MS Word MS Excel Firefox

What is an algorithm? A precise, step-by-step procedure designed to solve certain kind of problems. examples Sort the following sets of numbers {2, 3, 1, 45, 23, 67, 23, 21, 6} {2, 3, 56, 444, 33, 666, 777,66,5, 390, 34, 34, 56, 66, 55, 78, 34, 232, 342, 446, ……}

Hardware Components of a Computer CPU Input devices Output devices Storage devices (important diagram) John von Neumann architecture

A more detailed diagram CPU

All computers(PCs, mainframes, supercomputers, ….) are built according to this diagram/principle Developed by John von Neumann

The old computer: ENIAC (the first electronic computer, 1940s)

The new computer: HP 2133 Mini-Note 1 GHz " MB Ram - 4 GB HDD

Cont’d Input devices Input data into computers E.g. keyboard, mouse

Output devices Output data out of computers E.g. monitor, printer

CPU (Central Processing Unit, also called processor) The defining-component of a computer Two main CPU manufacturers: Intel and AMD

Storage devices (two types) 1 st type 2 nd type

Cont’d Storage Devices RAM (Random Access Memory) This is the primary type, main type, 1 st type memory Hard disk, floppy disk optical disk (CDs, DVDs) jump drive, flash memory (Note: in most cases in the literature, the word “memory” means RAM) They are the 2 nd type memory

RAM (memory) Desktop laptop

Hard disk (HD) (most people call it hard drive) wiEU

Source:

Jump drive (USB drive)

Flash memory (flash card)

CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc

Difference between the 1 st type storage device (i.e. memory) and the 2 nd type storage devices Memory stores info temporarily All 2 nd storage devices store info permanently Question: how come….

KB, MB, GB, Hz,…. 1 bit = 1 or 0 1 byte = 8 bits 1 K (kilo) = 1000 (roughly) 1 M (mega) = 1000K (roughly) 1 G (giga) = 1000M (roughly) So, 2 GB = 2 x 1000 x 1000 x 1000 bytes 200 MB = 200 x 1000 x 1000 bytes 1 Hz = number of operations per second

Can you understand the spec? Gateway M-7351u Laptop Computer - Intel Pentium Dual-Core T GHz, 4GB DDR2 RAM, 320GB HDD, DVDRW, 15.4" WXGA, Vista Home Premium 64-bit

Computer Science Areas (partial list) Operating systems Windows XP, Mac OS, Unix, Linux Database management systems Oracle Algorithms sorting Software engineering How to program “better” Programming languages Java, C++ Theory Math foundations Architecture Hardware Artificial intelligence Chess, robot

Unix-like Operating Systems

Database Management System Find all incidents for overlay

Algorithm Sort the following sets of numbers into ascending order {2, 3, 1, 45, 23, 67, 23, 21, 6} {2, 3, 56, 444, 33, 666, 777,66,5, 390, 34, 34, 56, 66, 55, 78, 34, 232, 342, 446, ……}

Software Engineering

Programming Languages public class Lab2 { public static void main(String args[]) { // declaration of variables double a; // first number, input double b; // second number, input double c; // the sum of 1st and 2nd number, output String astr; // string for a String bstr; // string for b // read in the 1st number astr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter the 1st number"); a = Double.parseDouble(astr); // echo System.out.println("You have entered "+a); // read in the 2nd number bstr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter the 2nd number");

Computing Theory Domain theory Category theory Computability theory Lambda calculus Pi-calculus Object-calculus ……. Turing Machine *(Alan Turing) (Computer Science Turing Award)

Architecture

Artificial Intelligence robot

Elements of a Computing Process Hardware Software Data Users Procedures Hw & sw data users procedure

Review What is a computer? What is a computer program? What is a programming language?? Give an example of programming languages What are the 4 components of a computer system? What does “Pentium Ghz” mean? Are hard drive and memory the same thing? Why? Give an example of computer science research areas Give two examples of operating systems

Processing and Memory Processing Data representation Sequence of 0’s and 1’s ASCII (American Standard Code for Info Interchange) (e.g. A -> 65) ascii.html ascii.html

Cont’d CPU Control unit (CU): sets the order of tasks ALU (arithmetic-logic unit): carry out computation RAM fetch CU & ALU write

Cont’d Compatibility:  different CPUs have different instruction sets Data bus:  Connects CPU and RAM and peripherals  Bus width measured by bits Address bus:  Connects CPU and RAM  Width of address bus determines the max # of RAM locations. (why?) CISC vs. RISC  CISC (complex instruction set computer), expensive, complex, high speed.

Cont’d  RISC (reduced instruction set computer), inexpensive, simple, satisfactory speed Typical CPU chips  Pentium,  AMD  Power PC series  Alpha series Memory RAM (Random-access Memory): the main memory of computers Cache Memory: faster, more expensive ROM (Read-Only Memory): Stores system info, not writable

Cont’d Motherboard The baseboard housing every hardware component (except I/O) for computation.

How Computers Store Data Storage Media All storage materials described here are non- volatile (RAM is volatile). Magnetic tape Hold large amount of data Inexpensive Slow access Sequential access Backup

Cont’d Magnetic disk: random access, read/write head. Floppy disk, 1.44 mb (obsolete) Hard disk  Faster  Holds large amount of data  Pack of disks  Sealed and encased

Optical disc: holds huge amount of data CD-ROM CD-R (Recordable) CD-RW (Rewritable) DVD (Digital Video Disk) DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD+R DVD-RW DVD+RW

Storing Data in Files File: a collection of data stored as an individual entity. Types of files: Program file – executable, e.g., MS Word. In Windows, an executable file typically has.exe extension. Data file – data used by programs, e.g., text files, graphics Naming files nameextension

Data filesProgram file

Naming files Ex: ReadMe.txt Lab1.docx Lab2.xlsx Me.jpg Car.gif Player.exe What if I rename “Me.jpg” to Me.txt”? name extension

Directory (also known as Folder) A group of files (and/or subdirectories) organized in a tree-shape sp05 eng101 cs101 hw1 hw2 hw3 hw1

“tree” structure displayed in Windows

Input and Output Input Devices Keyboard: a group of numeric keys, alphabetic keys, and function keys which are used for entering data into computers. Mouse: a device that a user moves on a flat surface to position a pointer on the screen. It allows a user to select a choice or a function to be performed or to perform some operations on the screen. Other ex ?

Cont’d Output Devices Monitor Video display terminal (not computer) CRT (cathode-ray tube) traditional Flat panel (LCD) modern Resolution: pixels (=pix+element), e.g., 800x600, 1024x768 Refresh rate: number of times screen is refreshed. (60hz is the minimum). The higher, the more preferable.

Printers Impact printers  A printer in which printing is the result of mechanically striking the printing medium. E.g. dot matrix printer.  (almost) obsolete

Non-impact printers  Laser printer: high quality, (relatively) expensive  Inkjet printer: good quality, affordable More ex?

Types of Computers Supercomputers Fastest, largest, most expensive Measured by gigaflops Scientific computations Cary Inc., Silicon Graphics Price: 2 – 20 millions Mainframes Measured by megaflops IBM

Cont’d Large business, universities Price: 100,000 – 1,000,000 Minicomputers Scale-down of mainframe DEC Smaller business Price: 50,000

Cont’d Workstations and Microcomputers Desktop & laptop Sun, IBM, Apple, Dell, Compaq, Sony, …. Personal use Price: 7,000 – 20,000 for workstations Price: 400 – 4,000 for microcomputers

Information Highway, Internet, and WWW Internet (w/ a Capital I) Seed of Internet: U.S. Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPAnet) in 1969 General description: a large network connecting numerous and disparate networks in industry, education, government, and research. Internet uses TCP/IP as the standard for transmitting information. Internet connection: Dial-up – modem and telephone line

Cont’d Cable: cable and cable modem Direct: wired to LAN directly TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Internet Usage electronic mail system. An address is typically formed by a user name and a domain name. e.g. !!! Don’t confuse web with Internet with ; Don’t confuse address with web URL telnet: remote access to other computers

Cont’d FTP (File Transfer Protocol): upload/download files across the Internet WWW : hypermedia communication system WWW (World Wide Web) Originated in Europe (CERN, Switzerland), physics, Client-server architecture: model of interaction in distributed data processing in which a program at one site sends a request to a program at another site and awaits response. The requesting program is called a client, the answering program is called a server.

client server request reply prog /machine prog /machine

Cont’d Basic terminology HTML – Hypertext Markup Language (used to compose web sites) Hypertext – documents using hyperlinks Hyperlink – linkage connecting to other documents (or sites) Web browser  Software to view HTML files  E.g., Netscape, Internet Explorer URL (Uniform Resource Locator)  code to identify resources on Internet  E.g.,

HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol Web site – HTML documents (grouped together) Java – a programming language useful for web programming Google – most well-known search engine Cyberphobia – fear of computers

MS Windows Essentials

Getting Started with Windows Starting Windows Automatically started by default Icons Start button Shortcut Desktop Mouse pointer taskbar

Cont’d Elements of a window Window border Menu bar Control menu box Title bar Min button Max button Close button Window corner Mouse pointer

Cont’d Use of Mouse Primary mouse button – left by default Make selections Menu Bar To open a menu, click on it List of commands (in a menu) pulls down Dialog Box Indicated by … Input info needed

Cont’d Help System Menu ---> Help F1 key Exit Windows Start ---> log off/turn off computer/shut down

How to “dump screen” to a Word document - Make sure the screen is visible - Press “print screen” key on keyboard - Open a (blank) Word document - Paste (ctrl+v) - Done

Running Applications Starting Application (Programs) Double click on the corresponding icon Start ---> All Programs ---> choose the program Switching Between Applications Click anywhere inside the window Click the button on the taskbar Alt+Esc Alt+Tab

Cont’d Arranging Size of Windows Manual: drag windows’ corner or border (dragging windows’ title bar moves the windows, but does not resize it.) Automatic: right-click taskbar ---> cascade/tile vertically /tile horizontally Max, Min, Restore, Close a Window Click the 3 buttons (respectively) Max and restore share the same button

Working with My Computer Open My Computer Click the icon on desktop Start ---> my computer

Working with My Computer Displaying File Info Open a window ---> View ---> list/detail/icons

Working with My Computer Selecting Files or Folders Select a single file – click on it Select adjacent files – click the1 st file, then shift+click the last file Select non-adjacent files – ctrl+click each file

Cont’d Creating New Folders Open a window ---> File ---> New ---> Folder Open a window ---> right-click ---> New ---> Folder

Managing Files Copying Files Determine source and destination folders Drag-and-drop (different drives) Copy-and-paste Edit ---> copy, Edit ---> paste ^c and ^v Moving Files Determine source and destination folders Shift + drag-and-drop (different drives) Cut-and-paste Edit ---> cut, Edit ---> paste ^x and ^v

Cont’d Renaming Files File ---> rename Right-click ---> rename Deleting Files File ---> delete Right-click ---> delete Delete key Recovering deleted Files Recover from recycle bin Open recycle bin ---> select a file ---> File ---> restore

Cont’d Formatting Hard Disk/USB drive Open my computer ---> select corresponding drive ---> File ---> format Open my computer ---> right-click the corresponding drive  Format

Sharing Information Copying and Pasting Text (in documents) Within the same document E.g. From lab1.txt to lab1.txt From one document to another of the same type E.g. From lab1.txt to lab2.txt From one document to another of different type E.g. From lab1.txt to lab1.doc Select texts ---> Edit ---> copy ---> Edit ---> Paste

Cont’d Clipboard An area in memory to store what is copied/cut To view contents of clipboard: (old Office: Edit ---> Office Clipboard); Home tab  click the arrow next to Clipboard To delete contents in clipboard: (old Office: Edit ---> Office clipboard, click down-arrow ---> delete); select each content item  click the down arrow  delete

Linking Info between Programs (may not be well- supported by Office 2007) Insert a picture A into a document B by linking, then any changes made to the picture A will be reflected in the document B. E.g.: Open Paint  create a picture A; close Paint Open WordPad ---> Insert ---> object ---> choose the picture A ---> check link box. Start Paint by double click the picture in the WordPad file. Q: difference between linking and copy-and-paste?

Customizing Windows Screen Saver Right-click desktop ---> properties ---> screen saver tab ---> select from list Wall paper Right-click desktop ---> properties ---> desktop/background tab ---> select from list Reset date and time Start ---> (settings --- >) control panel ---> date and time Changing Mouse Settings Start ---> (settings --- >) control panel ---> mouse

MS Word Essentials

Chapter 1 Creating Documents with MS Word

Starting a new document and inserting text Staring Word: Start  MS Word 2010

Typical Word screen Formatting marks

Insert text from a file

Choose a file, click Insert

Formatting text using Text Effects

Shadowing using Text Effects

Example of shadowing

Font and font size

Text alignment (left, center,right, justify)

Text color

Inserting and resizing pictures Inserting a picture from a file

Choose a file, click Insert

Resizing a picture (drag sizing handles)

Or (check the size group)

Wrapping text around a picture

Moving a picture Drag the picture

Applying picture styles and artistic effects Picture style

Artistic effects

Adding a page border

Inserting a shape

Adding text to a shape (right-click)

Inserting a text box

Moving, resizing, and formatting shapes and text boxes Moving – drag the shape/text box

Resizing: drag sizing handles

Or, type a number

Formatting: (same as formatting a picture)

Preview and Print a Document

Setting margins Change Document and Paragraph Layout

Alignment —placement of paragraph text relative to the margins Left alignment—align left margin, uneven right margin Center alignment—centered between margins Right alignment—align right margin, uneven left margin Justified alignment—align evenly at left and right margins

Click buttons

Line spacing—distance between lines of text in a paragraph – Single spacing (business documents) – Multiple 1.15 spacing (default line spacing) – Double spacing (academic papers)

Indentation, click paragraph launcher

Create and Modify Lists Bulleted list Items of list can be introduced in any order Uses bullets—text symbols such as small circles or check marks—to introduce each item in a list Numbered list Items with consecutive numbers Use where order is important

To modify, right-click

Set and Modify Tab Stops Turn on formatting maker to see tab marks

To set/change tab stops

Insert a SmartArt Graphic

Chapter 2 Using Tables and Templates

Create a Table Add Text to a Table Format a Table Create a New Document from an Existing Document Change and Reorganize Text Use the Proofing Options Create a Document Using a Template Objectives

Create a Table Table—arrangement of information organized into rows and columns Cell―intersection of a row and a column into which you can type Useful to present information in a logical and orderly manner

Steps to create a table in Word Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon Click the Table button Select the number of rows and columns

Table tools (design, layout)

Add Text to a Table Each cell behaves similarly to a document. For example, when you reach the right border of the cell, wordwrap moves the text to the next line Text can be added to a table either by typing or by insertion from another document.

Table with text typed and/or inserted

Adjust column width All of the columns are of equal width when the table is created. The width of table columns can be changed. To change column width Drag the border between two columns Or, Table tools  Layout  cell size group (see next slide)

Add rows or columns Right-click a table cell

Merge cells Table titles typically span across all of the columns. Cells can be merged to include information across the columns.

Select cells and click the Merge Cells button

Formatting Text in Cells Do as usual (bold, font size, color, bullet,…)

Changing the Table Borders Check this area

Creating a Document from an Existing Document File  New

Recording AutoCorrect Entries File  options

Finding and Replacing Text Home  Editing group

Type text

Selecting and Moving Text to a New Location Just do cut-and-paste (^X and ^V) Past options may be interesting

Checking Spelling and Grammar Errors Review  Proofing group

Using the Thesaurus Review  Proofing group

Locating and Opening a Template File  New  Sample templates

Removing Template Content Controls Right-click Content controls

Saving a File as a Web Page File  Save as  Save as type  single web page

Chapter 3 Creating Research Papers, newsletters, and merged mailing labels

Inserting Page Numbers Page numbers are automatically inserted in header or footer

Inserting Footnotes Reference  Footnotes group

Modifying a Footnote Style right-click footnote  Style…

Click Modify

Citations References  Citations & Bibliography Reference style Insert citation into document Crate a list of references

Changing citation styles Click Style

Adding citations Click Insert Citation

Creating a Reference Page Click Bibliography to create a list of reference

Inserting Page Breaks Press Ctrl + enter

Managing Document Properties File  info  properties

Document properties

Changing One Column of Text to Two Columns Page Layout tab  Columns

Formatting Multiple Columns Page Layout tab

Inserting a Column Break Page Layout tab

Inserting a Clip Art Image Insert tab

Inserting a Screenshot Insert tab  Screenshot button

Insert a whole screen shot Insert a part of a screen shot

Applying the Small Caps Font Effect Home tab  Font group launcher

Adding a Border and Shading to a Paragraph Home tab  border/shading button

Mail Merge Formatted names and address (labels) Data source (raw name & add) Main document (formatting) Merge

Opening the Mail Merge Wizard Template Mailings tab  Start Mail Merge

MS Excel Essentials

Starting Excel

Cell addresses Each cell is identified by a column letter with a row number. E.g. A1, B5, d3:f3

Entering Text and Using AutoComplete autoComplete

Using Auto Fill Fill handle

Aligning Text and Adjusting the Size of Columns Aligning text

Adjusting column width Drag the column edge

Constructing a Formula and Using the SUM Function Each formula MUST start with a = sign Examples: =b1+b2 =sum(b1,b2) =b3 – b4 =(a1+b2+c3)/3 =a1+a2+a3+a4+a5+a6 =sum(a1:a6)

Copying a Formula by Using the Fill Handle This is a formula, not a constant Fill handle

Using Merge & Center and Applying Cell Styles

Formatting Financial Numbers

Charting Data in a Column Chart Select data Click column button

Creating and Formatting Sparklines Select data Click relevant buttons

Creating a Footer

Deleting Unused Sheets in a Workbook Right-click tab, click delete

Displaying Formulas

Checking Spelling in a Worksheet Review tab

Entering Data by Range Select a range of cells, and then enter data “Time-saving” technique Active cell will be top cell on the next column

Using Arithmetic Operators Just type it. E.g. =b2*b4 OperatorMeaning +Addition -Subtraction *Multiplication /Division ^exponent

Relative and Absolute Cell References To create an absolute cell reference, put a $ in front of the column letter and/or row number. E.g.: $A$1 (absolute) $B$1:$B$15 (absolute) A1:B2 (relative) A$1, $B12 (mixed) Relative partAbs. part

Difference between absolute cells references and relative cell references Absolute cell references preserve the cell addresses when being copied Relative cell references adjust the cell addresses when being copied When mixed formulas is copied, absolute part will be preserved and relative part will be adjusted.

Formatting Cells with the Percent Style

Inserting and Deleting Rows and Columns

Adjusting Column Widths and Wrapping Text Adjust column width Drag the edge of a column

Wrap text in a cell