EARTH SCIENCE Geology, the Environment and the Universe Chapter 2: Mapping Our World

Section 2.1 Latitude and Longitude Section 2.2 Types of Maps CHAPTER2 Table Of Contents Section 2.1 Latitude and Longitude Section 2.2 Types of Maps Section 2.3 Remote Sensing Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Exit

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Essential Questions What is the difference between latitude and longitude? Why is it important to give a city’s complete coordinates when describing its location? Why are there different time zones from one geographic area to the next?

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth. Review Vocabulary time zone: a geographic region within which the same standard time is used

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude New Vocabulary cartography equator latitude longitude prime meridian International Date Line

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Latitude Maps are flat models of three-dimensional objects. The science of mapmaking is called cartography.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Latitude The equator is an imaginary horizontal line located at 0 latitude that circles Earth and separates it into two equal halves. Latitude is the distance in degrees north or south of the equator. Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Latitude The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Longitude Longitude is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. The prime meridian is an imaginary line that represents 0 longitude. Lines of longitude, also called meridians, are semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Longitude The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian, the center of Earth, and the line of longitude.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Longitude Using coordinates Both latitude and longitude are needed to locate precise positions on Earth.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Longitude Time zones In most cases, each of Earth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a line of longitude and represents a different hour. However, there are some exceptions.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Longitude The International Date Line, 180 meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days. Traveling west across the International Date Line advances your calendar one day. Traveling east moves your calendar back one day.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Please click the image above to view the interactive table.

Lines of longitude are always parallel to each other. SECTION2.1 Section Check Lines of longitude are always parallel to each other. a. true b. false

Where on Earth is 0 latitude? SECTION2.1 Section Check Where on Earth is 0 latitude? a. the North Pole b. the South Pole c. the equator d. the prime meridian

Types of Maps Essential Questions SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Essential Questions What are the different types of maps? Why are different maps used for different purposes? How are gradients on a topographic map calculated?

Types of Maps Review Vocabulary SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms. Review Vocabulary parallel: extending in the same direction and never intersecting

Types of Maps New Vocabulary Mercator projection conic projection SECTION2.2 Types of Maps New Vocabulary Mercator projection conic projection gnomonic projection topographic map contour line contour interval geologic map map legend map scale

Types of Maps Projections SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Projections Cartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper.

Types of Maps Projections SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Projections A Mercator projection is a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude. It clearly indicates direction in straight lines. It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.

Types of Maps Projections SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Projections A conic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas. It is used to make road maps and weather maps.

Types of Maps Projections SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Projections A gnomonic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point. It is most useful for planning long travel routes. It is used for navigation.

Types of Maps Please click the image above to view the video. SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Please click the image above to view the video.

Types of Maps Topographic Maps SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Topographic Maps Topographic maps are detailed maps that use contour lines, symbols, and colors to represent changes in elevation and features on Earth’s surface.

Types of Maps Topographic Maps SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Topographic Maps A contour line connects points of equal elevation on a topographic map. The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines is called the contour interval.

Types of Maps Topographic Maps SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Topographic Maps Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation. Depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line, to indicate the direction of elevation change.

Types of Maps Geologic Maps SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Geologic Maps A geologic map is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks located below the soil. It may also show geologic features such as fault lines.

Types of Maps Please click the image above to view the video. SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Please click the image above to view the video.

Types of Maps Topographic Maps Three-dimensional maps SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Topographic Maps Three-dimensional maps When scientists need to visualize Earth three-dimensionally, they often rely on computers to digitize features such as rivers, mountains, valleys, and hills.

Types of Maps Map Legends SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Map Legends A map legend explains what the symbols on a map represent.

Types of Maps Map Scales SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Map Scales A map scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth. Verbal Scales When referring to maps, verbal scales are statements used to express distance.

Types of Maps Map Scales Graphic scales SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Map Scales Graphic scales Graphic scales consist of a line that represents a certain distance. These are the most common types of map scale. Fractional scales Fractional scales express distance as a ratio between two units of the same type.

Why do some time zone boundaries have an irregular shape? SECTION2.2 Section Check Why do some time zone boundaries have an irregular shape?

SECTION2.2 Section Check Answer: Some time zone boundaries were drawn to have irregular shapes for convenience. To avoid confusion, some boundaries were adjusted so that they did not divide a particular town or city.

Topographic contours on a map can never cross. SECTION2.2 Section Check Topographic contours on a map can never cross. a. true b. false

SECTION2.2 Section Check Maps are produced at various scales. At which fractional scale does one unit on the map represent the largest distance on the ground? a. 1:20,000 b. 1:40,000 c. 1:63,500 d. 1:100,000

SECTION2.2 Section Check A geologic map has many different colors. What do the colors represent? a. different surface temperatures b. different types of rock formations c. different geologic terrain d. different elevations

Remote Sensing Essential Questions SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing Essential Questions What are some of the different types of remote sensing? How are satellites and sonar used to map Earth’s surface and its oceans? What is the Global Positioning System and how does it work?

Remote Sensing Review Vocabulary SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps. Review Vocabulary satellite: natural or human-made object that orbits Earth, the Moon, or another celestial body

Remote Sensing New Vocabulary remote sensing Landsat satellite sonar SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing New Vocabulary remote sensing Landsat satellite sonar Global Positioning System Geographic Information System

Remote Sensing Landsat Satellite SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing Landsat Satellite The process of gathering data about Earth using instruments mounted on satellites, airplanes, or ships is called remote sensing. Landsat satellites record reflected wavelengths of visible light and infrared radiation from Earth’s surface, and then computers convert the information into digital images.

Remote Sensing Landsat Satellite SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing Landsat Satellite Landsat data are used to study pollution, the movements of Earth’s plates, and the melting of glaciers and ice caps.

OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite One satellite that uses radar to measure and map sea surface height is the OSTM/Jason-2 satellite. Radar uses high-frequency signals that are transmitted from the satellite to the surface of the ocean. A receiving device then picks up the returning echo as it is reflected off the water.

OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite Using OSTM/Jason-2 data, scientists are able to estimate global sea levels with an accuracy of just a few millimeters. Scientists can use this data combined with other existing data to create maps of ocean-floor features.

Remote Sensing SeaBeam SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing SeaBeam Sonar is the use of sound waves to detect and measure objects underwater. SeaBeam technology uses sonar to map the ocean floor from a ship.

Remote Sensing SeaBeam SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing SeaBeam A sound wave is sent from a ship toward the ocean floor. A receiving device picks up the returning echo when it bounces off the seafloor. A computer calculates the distance from the ship to the ocean floor using the speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the sound to be reflected.

Remote Sensing SeaBeam SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing SeaBeam SeaBeam technology is used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling operations, oceanographers, volcanologists, and archaeologists.

The Global Positioning System SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing The Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite navigation system that allows users to locate their approximate position on Earth. These satellites can also relay information to a GPS receiver about elevation, direction of movement, and speed.

The Global Positioning System SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing The Global Positioning System Uses for GPS technology GPS technology is used extensively in navigation by airplanes and ships. GPS receivers also help people in everyday life to find a destination or determine their current location.

The Geographic Information System SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing The Geographic Information System The Geographic Information System (GIS) uses a worldwide database to create layers, or “themes,” of information that can be placed one on top of the other to create a comprehensive map.

The Geographic Information System SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing The Geographic Information System GIS map layers remain linked to the original information, so if the original information changes, the GIS layers also change. The result is a map that is always up-to-date.

Visualizing GPS Satellites SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing Visualizing GPS Satellites GPS receivers detect signals from the 24 GPS satellites orbiting Earth. Using signals from at least three satellites, the receiver can calculate location within 10 m.

Remote Sensing Please click the image above to view the video. SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing Please click the image above to view the video.

SECTION2.3 Section Check At least how many Global Positioning System satellites are needed to fix a location? a. two b. three c. four d. five

SECTION2.3 Section Check A radar signal is sent from a satellite to the ocean’s surface. What information must be known to calculate distance from the return echo? a. speed and time of the echo b. wavelength and time of the echo c. power and speed of the echo d. time and power of the echo

SECTION2.3 Section Check What advantages does remote sensing have over other methods of data acquisition? Answer: Remote sensing allows data to be acquired from a large region quickly, and the data can be updated frequently. Remote sensing can also be used to acquire data from remote locations that would be difficult to observe directly.

Mapping Our World Earth Science Online Study Guide CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Resources Earth Science Online Study Guide Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Study Guide Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth. Latitude lines run parallel to the equator. Longitude lines run from pole to pole.

Latitude and Longitude SECTION2.1 Latitude and Longitude Study Guide Both latitude and longitude lines are necessary to locate exact places on Earth. Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each 15 wide, that help regulate daylight hours across the world.

SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Study Guide Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms. Different types of projections are used for different purposes. Geologic maps help Earth scientists study patterns in subsurface geologic formations.

SECTION2.2 Types of Maps Study Guide Maps often contain a map legend that allows the user to determine what the symbols on the map signify. The map scale allows the user to determine the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth.

SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing Study Guide New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps. Remote sensing is an important part of modern cartography. Satellites are used to gather data about features of Earth’s surface.

SECTION2.3 Remote Sensing Study Guide Sonar is also used to gather data about features of Earth’s surface. GPS is a navigational tool that is now used in many everyday items.

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Chapter Assessment The contours at a location on a topographic map are very close together. What does this suggest about the land surface? a. The land has a high elevation. b. The land has a low elevation. c. The land has a steep slope. d. The land has a gentle slope.

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Chapter Assessment How does the time change when passing from east to west across the International Date Line? a. It moves ahead one day. b. It moves back one day. c. It moves ahead one hour. d. It moves back one hour.

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Chapter Assessment At which latitude is the distance between meridians of longitude smallest? a. 30 N b. 50 S c. 80 N d. 75 S

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Chapter Assessment Which representation of Earth is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto paper that touches the globe at a single point? a. Mercator projection b. gnomonic projection c. geologic map d. conic projection

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Chapter Assessment How are maps that consist of many layers of data made? Answer: These maps are made by using the Geographic Information System. Data from remote sensing or other sources are fed to a computer. The digitized data then can be read, displayed, and analyzed as separate layers or as superimposed layers.

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Standardized Test Practice When it is 10:00 P.M. in New York City, where on Earth is the time 5:00 A.M.? a. five time zones to the east b. five time zones to the west c. seven time zones to the east d. seven time zones to the west

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Standardized Test Practice A truck driver is on a north-south highway. About how far must the driver travel to cover one degree of latitude? a. 42 kilometers b. 111 kilometers c. 530 kilometers d. 725 kilometers

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Standardized Test Practice A group of hikers wants to plan a safe route to the top of a mountain. Which type of resource would be most useful for this purpose? a. gnomonic projection b. Mercator projection c. geologic map d. topographic map

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Standardized Test Practice The Global Positioning System has many applications. Describe three different uses for this system.

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Standardized Test Practice Possible answer: The Global Positioning System is used for the navigation of planes and ships. It is used by scientists to measure land elevation and track movement. Everyday uses of the technology include handheld or mounted receivers that can direct a person to a specific address or location.

CHAPTER2 Mapping Our World Standardized Test Practice A Mercator projection of the world is displayed at the front of a classroom. How is the projection misleading? Answer: On a Mercator projection, meridians are shown as parallel lines. As a result, the size of landmasses located near the poles is greatly exaggerated.