1. Welcome to Earth Science

2. Practice! What’s the coordinate points for A, B, C and D?
What is the contour interval between each of the lines?
Which letter is the slope the steepest?
Which letter is the slope the least steep?
High Point
Low Point

3. Geologic Maps
A map used to show the distribution, arrangement and types of rocks located below the soil.
Might also show features like bedrock, fault lines and geologic formations.
Usually found over topographic maps and color coded by the type of rock formation.

4. Map Legends
Map Legends are placed in maps to explain what symbols represent.
Maps include both man-made and natural features on the Earth’s surface.

6. Map Scales
A ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of the Earth.
Sometimes measurements are in SI units; other times, inches and feet are used.
Verbal scales: Expressing the distance as a statement.
“One centimeter is equal to one kilometer.”

7. Map Scales (2)
Graphic scales consist of a line that represents a certain distance.
Most common type of map scale.
Fractional scales express distance as a ratio.
1:63,500 means one unit of distance on the map is equal to 63,500 units on the Earth’s surface.

8. Map Scale (which is which?)
Verbal
Fractional
Graphical

9. How to: Calculate Gradient & % Grade
Gradient = Slope = Rise/Run
Calculating rise: A – B
800’ – 700’ = 100’
Calculating run: Distance between A and B
Red line is approximately 2 miles
Gradient = 100’/2 miles = 50’/mile
Percent Grade = find like units
1 mile = 5,280’, so 2 miles = 10,560’
100/10,560 = x 100 = 0.947% A B

10. Using technology for mapping in the 21st century
Remote Sensing
Using technology for mapping in the 21st century

11. Landsat Satellite
Remote Sensing: process of gathering data about the Earth using instruments on satellites, airplanes or ships.
Landsat Satellites: record reflected wavelengths of energy form Earth’s surface.

12. How Landsat Works
Mirror on satellite moves to capture scans of the Earth’s surface.
Mirror uses detectors to measure intensity of energy from Earth.
Computers digitize information and give maps great detail.
Often used in natural disaster planning or the study of pollution!

13. SeaBeam Technology
Found on ships instead of on satellites, it maps the ocean floor.
Features sonar, or the use of sound waves to detect and measure objects underwater.
Sends a signal from the ship, then reads the signal as it returns and calculates the time it takes to travel back, creating an image of the surface.

14. The Global Positioning System
GPS is a satellite navigation system that allows people to locate their approximate position on Earth.
24 satellites constantly orbit Earth
Location is given within 10 m
Three satellites gives you your location on Earth
Four satellites gives you location with elevation

15. The Geographic Information System
GIS combines many types of mapping we discussed earlier.
Uses a database to create layers for fabricating comprehensive maps.
Can be used in many different sciences or for industries!

16. Science Fair Update
Questions and hypotheses are due to me tomorrow, Tuesday, 10/10/17.
Since we won’t meet in class tomorrow, you’ll need to hand them in to me when you see me in the hall or you may turn them in at the beginning of class on Wednesday, 10/11/17.
Both parts are due; both parts are graded.