Classification grouping of different types of organisms based upon similarities in structure and evolutionary relationships

WHY CLASSIFY? In order to more easily study the unity and diversity of living organisms in an organized manner, biologists classify organisms This means that they group organisms together based on their common characteristics Physical structure is often the primary basis for biological classification

Early classification Animals & Plants With the discovery of the MICROSCOPE in the 1600’s many new organisms were discovered This was the basis for the change in the classification system Now DNA is providing a more accurate way to classify organisms.

BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Carolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo sapiens Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is the species name Both have to be printed in italics or underlined -Genus is ALWAYS capitalized

MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

DEAR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP HOW TO REMEMBER THAT: DEAR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP

KINGDOMS: The 6 Kingdom System is based on the following criteria: 1. Presence or absence of a nuclear membrane 2. Unicellularity versus multicellularity 3. Type of nutrition

Deep Water Hydrothermal Vent Domain Arachae Deep Water Hydrothermal Vent Dead Sea Volcano

Archaebacteria Prokaryotic (no nucleus ) most primitive and often live in extreme environments There are 3 types: salt loving, heat loving & methane loving unicellular Reproduce asexually Some are heterotrophic and some are autotrophic

Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria) bacteria and blue green algae have a primitive cell structure no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane (Prokaryotic) Unicellular, reproduce asexually Some are autotrophic (sulfur bacteria) and some are heterotrophic E. coli, Staph, Anthrax About 4,000 named species

Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells The Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus, organelles and other complex structures.

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic. Most are unicellular (some multi-cellular) organisms with plant or animal-like characteristics examples include protozoa such as Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba and all algae except the blue-green have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane Classification of Protists: Most protozoa can move and are divided into phyla based on their means of LOCOMOTION (movement): cilia (little hairs), flagella (whip-like tail), pseudopod (false foot) Can reproduce sexually or asexually Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic About 80,000 named species

Animal Like Plant Like

Animal-like Protists Often animal like Protists are called PROTOZOA They can live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, or in the bodies of other organisms Plant-like Protists: Plant-like Protists are commonly called ALGAE, diatoms or phytoplankton They contain chloroplasts and are therefore AUTOTROPHIC

Plant and Animal like Protists The Euglena: exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like characteristics contains chloroplasts, which are involved in PHOTOSYNTHESIS contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic depending on the environment In a light environment euglena would be AUTOTROPHIC In a dark environment the euglena would be HETEROTROPHIC

Euglena Diatoms Paramecium

KINGDOM FUNGI examples include yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms Eukaryotic, all are multi-cellular except for yeast which is unicellular All absorb digested food from the external environment (heterotrophic) – do not require sunlight and are often found in dark, moist places Some reproduce asexually by budding others reproduce sexually with spores Typically live in moist, dark environments

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular, eukaryotic - possess chloroplasts and cell walls Autotrophic, make their own food through photosynthesis Reproduce sexually (see Gizmo) but can sometimes be asexual, like strawberry runners or by taking clippings Can be vascular (meaning they have xylem and phloem tubes to transport substances) such as trees, ferns, and flowers Can be nonvascular such as mosses About 270,000 named species

Classification of Plants

ONION CELLS FROM LAB – NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF PLANT CELLS & THE DISTINCT CELL WALL

Gymnosperms Gymnosperms are a taxonomic class that includes plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovule (like a pine cone). Gymnosperm means as "naked seed". By definition, fruits are the structures that develop from maturing flower ovaries, and seeds develop from ovules inside the ovaries. Therefore, since gymnosperms have no ovaries, they do not produce real fruits, at least not in the botanical sense. Because no fruit tissue surrounds gymnosperm seeds, the seeds are said to be "naked." When early scientists wanted to express the term "naked seed" using word roots from classical Greek, they chose gymnos, which means "naked," and sperma, which means "seed," and came up with "gymnosperm." This group is often referred to as softwoods. Gymnosperms usually have needles that stay green throughout the year and scale-like coverings on the branches. Examples are pines, cedars, spruces and firs. Some gymnosperms do drop their leaves - ginkgo, dawn redwood, and bald cypress, to name a few.

Gymnosperm Reproduction

Angiosperms Flowering, seed-bearing plants. From the greek Angeion meaning “receptacle or vessel” and sperma, meaning “seed”. Seeds with 2 cotyledons are dicots, di meaning “2”. Seeds with only one cotyledon are called monocots, with mono meaning “one”. Angiosperms are a taxonomic class of plants in which the mature seed is surrounded by the ovule (think of an apple).

Angiosperm Reproduction Gizmo

Monocot vs Dicot Dicot: Monocot: Single cotyledon Two cotyledons Netted veins Petals in multiples of 4 or 5’s Vascular bundles in a radial pattern Monocot: Single cotyledon Parallel veins Petals in multiples of 3’s Vascular bundles random

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic, multi-cellular organisms which ingest their food – heterotrophic Most reproduce sexually, but some reproduce asexually through budding such as a hydra or through regeneration, such as a starfish

Invertebrate Phyla Porifera -- Sponges Cnideria -- jellyfish & other stinging organisms Platyhelminthes – Flat worms Nematoda – Round worms Annelida – Segmented worms Arthropoda -- Insects, crabs and others w/jointed legs Mollusca -- snails, clams, oysters, squid, octopus etc. Echinodermata – spiny skinned such as sea star, sea urchin

Vertebrate Phyla -- Mammals -- Birds -- Reptiles -- Amphibians -- Fish

Sources www.iteachbio.com www.unitedstreaming.com http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html ClipArt, PowerPoint http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/forsite/idtype.htm http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Plants.html