Dolly and surrogate Mom Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Biotechnology Dolly and surrogate Mom Embryonic stem cells and gene therapy Genetically modified rice. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Biotechnology Biotechnology, defined broadly, is the engineering of organisms for useful purposes. Often, biotechnology involves the creation of hybrid genes and their introduction into organisms in which some or all of the gene is not normally present. Fourteen month-old genetically engineered (“biotech”) salmon (left) and standard salmon (right). G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology We’ll examine: Animal cloning 4/20/2017 Biotechnology We’ll examine: Animal cloning Genetically modified foods and the American-European opinion divide. Gene cloning for pharmaceutical production DNA fingerprinting The promise and perhaps perils of embryonic stem cells G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Animal Cloning Dolly and her surrogate mother. Biotechnology 4/20/2017 G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Why Clone Animals? To answer questions of basic biology Biotechnology Why Clone Animals? 4/20/2017 Five genetically identical cloned pigs. To answer questions of basic biology For pharmaceutical production. For herd improvement. To satisfy our desires (e.g. pet cloning). G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Is Animal Cloning Ethical? Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Is Animal Cloning Ethical? The first cloned horse and her surrogate mother/genetic twin. As with many important questions, the answer is beyond the scope of science. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

USU’s Contribution – A Cloned Mule and the First Cloned Equine Biotechnology 4/20/2017 USU’s Contribution – A Cloned Mule and the First Cloned Equine G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

The Biotechnology of Reproductive Cloning 4/20/2017 The Biotechnology of Reproductive Cloning Even under the best of circumstances, the current technology of cloning is very inefficient. Cloning provides the most direct demonstration that all cells of an individual share a common genetic blueprint. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Saved by Cloning? Some are firm believers while many view these approaches to be more of a stunt. Note the use of a closely related species, a domestic goat, as egg donor and surrogate mother. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Carbon Copy– the First Cloned Pet Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Carbon Copy– the First Cloned Pet (Science (2002) 295:1443) Significantly, Carbon Copy is not a phenotypic carbon copy of the animal she was cloned from. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

The Next Step? Highly unlikely. Biotechnology 4/20/2017 The Next Step? Highly unlikely. Attempts at human cloning are viewed very unfavorably in the scientific community. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Recombinant DNA, Gene Cloning, and Pharmaceutical Production Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Recombinant DNA, Gene Cloning, and Pharmaceutical Production These are mature and widely utilized biotechnologies. DNA can be cut at specific sequences using restriction enzymes. This creates DNA fragments useful for gene cloning. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Restriction Enzymes are Enzymes That Cut DNA Only at Particular Sequences The enzyme EcoRI cutting DNA at its recognition sequence Restriction enzyme animation Different restriction enzymes have different recognition sequences. This makes it possible to create a wide variety of different gene fragments. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

DNAs Cut by a Restriction Enzyme Can be Joined Together in New Ways Biotechnology 4/20/2017 DNAs Cut by a Restriction Enzyme Can be Joined Together in New Ways These are recombinant DNAs and they often are made of DNAs from different organisms. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Plasmids are Used to Replicate a Recombinant DNA Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Plasmids are Used to Replicate a Recombinant DNA Plasmids are small circles of DNA found in bacteria. Plasmids replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. Pieces of foreign DNA can be added within a plasmid to create a recombinant plasmid. Replication often produces 50-100 copies of a recombinant plasmid in each cell. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology Harnessing the Power of Recombinant DNA Technology – Human Insulin Production by Bacteria 4/20/2017 G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Human Insulin Production by Bacteria Biotechnology Human Insulin Production by Bacteria 4/20/2017 and cut with a restriction enzyme 6) join the plasmid and human fragment G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Human Insulin Production by Bacteria Biotechnology Human Insulin Production by Bacteria 4/20/2017 Mix the recombinant plasmid with bacteria. Screening bacterial cells to learn which contain the human insulin gene is the hard part. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin Biotechnology Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin 4/20/2017 One cell with the recombinant plasmid A fermentor used to grow recombinant bacteria. This is the step when gene cloning takes place. The single recombinant plasmid replicates within a cell. Then the single cell with many recombinant plasmids produces trillions of like cells with recombinant plasmid – and the human insulin gene. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin Biotechnology Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin 4/20/2017 The final steps are to collect the bacteria, break open the cells, and purify the insulin protein expressed from the recombinant human insulin gene. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin Overview of gene cloning. Cloning animation G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology Pharming 4/20/2017 Pharming is the production of pharmaceuticals in animals engineered to contain a foreign, drug-producing gene. These goats contain the human gene for a clot-dissolving protein that is produced in their milk. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

The Promise and Possible Perils of Stem Cells Biotechnology 4/20/2017 The Promise and Possible Perils of Stem Cells G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 The Stem Cell Concept A stem cell is an undifferentiated, dividing cell that gives rise to a daughter cell like itself and a daughter cell that becomes a specialized cell type. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Stem Cells are Found in the Adult, but the Most Promising Types of Stem Cells for Therapy are Embryonic Stem Cells G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

The Inner Cell Mass is the Source of Embryonic Stem Cells Biotechnology 4/20/2017 The Inner Cell Mass is the Source of Embryonic Stem Cells The embryo is destroyed by separating it into individual cells for the collection of ICM cells. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Some Thorny Ethical Questions Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Some Thorny Ethical Questions Are these masses of cells a human? Is it ethical to harvest embryonic stem cells from the “extra” embryos created during in vitro fertilization? G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Additional Potential Dilemmas – Therapeutic Cloning to Obtain Matched Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured mouse embryonic stem cells. Cells from any source other than you or an identical twin present the problem of rejection. If so, how can matched embryonic stem cells be obtained? A cloned embryo of a person can be made, and embryonic stem cells harvested from these clones. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Therapeutic Cloning Is there any ethical difference between therapeutic and reproductive cloning? G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

DNA, the Law, and Many Other Applications – Biotechnology DNA, the Law, and Many Other Applications – The Technology of DNA Fingerprinting 4/20/2017 A DNA fingerprint used in a murder case. The defendant stated that the blood on his clothing was his. What are we looking at? How was it produced? G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

DNA Fingerprinting Basics Biotechnology DNA Fingerprinting Basics 4/20/2017 Different individuals carry different alleles. Most alleles useful for DNA fingerprinting differ on the basis of the number of repetitive DNA sequences they contain. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

DNA Fingerprinting Basics Biotechnology DNA Fingerprinting Basics 4/20/2017 If DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme that recognizes sites on either side of the region that varies, DNA fragments of different sizes will be produced. A DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragments produced from a number of different sites in the genome that vary in length. The more common the length variation at a particular site and the greater the number the sites analyzed, the more informative the fingerprint. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

A Site With Three Alleles Useful for DNA Fingerprinting Biotechnology 4/20/2017 A Site With Three Alleles Useful for DNA Fingerprinting DNA fragments of different size will be produced by a restriction enzyme that cuts at the points shown by the arrows. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

The DNA Fragments Are Separated on the Basis of Size Biotechnology 4/20/2017 The DNA Fragments Are Separated on the Basis of Size The technique is gel electrophoresis. The pattern of DNA bands is compared between each sample loaded on the gel. Gel electrophoresis animation G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Possible Patterns for a Single “Gene” With Three Alleles Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Possible Patterns for a Single “Gene” With Three Alleles In a standard DNA fingerprint, about a dozen sites are analyzed, with each site having many possible alleles. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 A DNA Fingerprint When many genes are analyzed, each with many different alleles, the chance that two patterns match by coincidence is vanishingly small. DNA detective animation HGP fingerprinting page G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 DNA and the Law SLT 3/8/05 Some applications of DNA fingerprinting in the justice system. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Genetically Modified Foods Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Genetically Modified Foods Many of our crops in the US are genetically modified. Should they be? G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 GM Crops are Here Today Source: Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, August 2004. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Methods for Plant Genetic Engineering are Well-Developed and Similar to Those for Animals G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Golden Rice is Modified to be Provide a Dietary Source of Vitamin A Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Golden Rice is Modified to be Provide a Dietary Source of Vitamin A Golden rice (yellow) with standard rice (white). Worldwide, 7% of children suffer vitamin A deficiency, many of them living in regions in which rice is a staple of the diet. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Genetically Modified Crops Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Genetically Modified Crops Genetically Modified Cotton (contains a bacterial gene for pest resistance) Standard Cotton G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

GMOs, Especially Outside the US, Are a Divisive Issue Biotechnology 4/20/2017 GMOs, Especially Outside the US, Are a Divisive Issue Protesters at the 2000 Montreal World Trade Summit European sentiment G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Current Concerns by Scientists Focus on Environmental, Not Health, Effects of GM Crops The jury’s still out on the magnitude of GM crop’s ecological impact, but the question is debated seriously. G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

Biotechnology 4/20/2017 Current Concerns by Scientists Focus on Environmental, Not Health, Effects of GM Crops G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010