37-1 The Circulatory System By Rose, Keelan, and Danny

Functions of the circulatory system The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them

The Heart The heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the pericardium The myocardium is the muscle in your heart that pumps blood- it is sandwiched between two thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue The septum divides the two sides of the heart The upper chambers that receive the blood are the atria The lower chambers that pump the blood out of the heart are the ventricles The heart has four chambers- two atrium and two ventricles Tip: You can tell which chamber comes first because the atrium starts with an “a” which comes before “v,” so the atrium comes first.

Circulation Through the Body The heart functions as two separate pumps The right side pumps blood from the body to the lungs- this is known as pulmonary circulation The left side pumps blood from the lungs to the body- this is known as systemic circulation

Circulation Through the Heart Valves are flaps of connective tissue that keep blood from flowing backwards

Heartbeat The Sinoatrial node, or the SA node, is known as the “pacemaker” due to the fact that it is the node that sets the pace for the heart’s contractions The Atrioventricular node, or the AV node, picks up the signals from the SV node and transmits them to the rest of the heart

Blood Vessels The aorta is the first of a series of blood vessels that carry blood Blood moves through arteries, capillaries, and veins

Arteries Arteries carry blood away from the heart Arteries have thick walls that help with blood pressure The smooth muscle and connective tissue help arteries keep their shape The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood Smooth muscle Connective tissue endothelium Tip: Arteries carry blood away from the heart: Arteries- Away

Capillaries Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels Capillary walls are only one cell thick Blood cells must pass through them single file Nutrients and waste are defused in the capillaries

Veins Veins return blood to the heart Large veins contain valves to keep blood moving in a single direction Veins are located near and between the skeletal muscles The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygen-rich blood

Blood Pressure Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer The top number is when your heart contracts, the bottom number is when it relaxes Kidneys remove more water from blood when blood pressure is high Neurotransmitters and the kidneys both work to regulate the blood pressure

Diseases of the Circulatory System Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death in the US High blood pressure and atherosclerosis are the 2 leading causes of cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis is a condition in which plaque builds up on the inner walls of the arteries

High Blood Pressure Hypertension is another word for high blood pressure High blood pressure is defined as blood pressure that exceeds 140/90 or higher High blood pressure enlarges the myocardium Hypertension increases the risk of heart diseases, heart attack, and stroke

Consequences of Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the most dangerous in the coronary arteries The coronary arteries bring blood to the heart If one of these arteries are blocked, a heart attack occurs The symptoms of a heart attack are nausea, shortness of breath, and severe chest pain When a blood clot occurs in the brain, a stroke can occur In a stroke, brain cells die from lack of oxygenated blood

Circulatory System Health You can prevent cardiovascular disease by exercise, eating healthy and NOT SMOKING A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol is important for heart health Excess fat and cholesterol builds up on artery walls Excess weight gain enlarges the circulatory system, which causes the heart to pump harder

Vocab Myocardium- The muscles of the heart Atrium- The upper chamber/ receives blood Ventricle- The lower chamber/ pumps blood Pulmonary circulation- The path of blood from the heart to the lungs Systemic circulation- The flow of blood from the lungs to the heart Valves- Flaps of connective tissue that prevent blood from flowing backwards Pacemaker- The sinoatrial node Aorta- The first in a series of blood vessels that carry blood around the body Artery- Cary oxygen-rich blood away from the heart Capillary- The smallest blood vessels where diffusion takes place Vein- Cary oxygen-poor blood to the heart Atherosclerosis- A disease in which fatty deposits of plaque build up on artery walls

Self-Test Questions (key on the last slide) Which of these is not a component of the circulatory system? A) The heart B) Blood vessels C) Blood D) They are all components of the circulatory system What is the pericardium? A) Part of the heart B) The brain that controls the heart C) The sac that encloses the heart D) Your 4th toe

What is a 3 flap valve called? A) Tricuspid Valve B) Trioticflap Valve C) Peace Valve D) A flappy thingy What has valves? A) The heart B) Arteries C) Capillaries D) Veins 135/80 is high blood pressure. True or false?

What does excessive weight gain do to your circulatory system? A) Enlarges it B) Squishes it C) Enlarges the heart D) Makes it harder for your blood to carry oxygen How do your kidneys affect your blood pressure when it is high? A) Adding water B) Removing water C) Adding hormones D) Removing hormones The AV node sends signals that make the heart contract. True or false?

What does a sphygmomanometer do? A) Measures your pulse B) Measures your blood pressure C) Measures the viscosity of your blood D) Measures the oxygen levels in your blood What are the 2 leading causes of cardiovascular disease? A) High blood pressure and atherosclerosis B) High blood pressure and smoking C) Smoking and atherosclerosis D) Smoking and hypertension

37-3 The Respiratory System

What is Respiration? The blood carries oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide away from the tissues Respiration means the process of gas exchange

The Human Respiratory System The basic function of the human respiratory system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air, and tissues The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food Airs moves from the pharynx into the trachea Trachea = windpipe The epiglottis is the flap of tissue over the trachea

Cilia and Mucus To keep the lung tissue healthy, air must be warmed, moistened and filtered Large dust gets trapped by nose hairs Mucus moistens air and traps dust and smoke Cilia sweep trap particles and mucus away from the lungs

The Larynx Consists of 2 highly elastic flaps of tissue called the vocal cords Air moving between the vocal cords allow you to speak

The Bronchi The bronchi are the two large tubes that connect your larynx and your lungs Each bronchi separates into smaller bronchi which separate into bronchioles The bronchi end in tiny air sacs called alveoli where the diffusion between gasses takes place.

Gas Exchange The process of gas exchange in the lungs is very efficient Hemoglobin in the blood helps red blood cells carry oxygen

Breathing If you don’t breathe, you DIE The diaphragm is the large flat muscle at the bottom of the lungs The diaphragm creates suction into your lungs when it contracts, allowing you to breathe Muscles around your rib cage allow you to exhale with greater force, allowing you to do things such as blow out candles A puncture in the chest cavity would allow air to seep in and ruin the air pressure, making it impossible to breathe

How Breathing is Controlled The part of your brain that controls breathing is the medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata sends impulses to your diaphragm according to your blood’s carbon dioxide levels, which is how your body forces you to breathe. If air has no oxygen in it, your body will not notice because your blood’s CO2 levels are normal due to the fact that you can still exhale

Tobacco and Respiratory System Smoking damages your lungs

Substances in Tobacco The three most dangerous substances in cigarettes are nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar Nicotine increases your heart rate and blood pressure Carbon monoxide blocks the hemoglobin’s ability to transport oxygen Tar causes cancer Tar

Effects on Respiratory System Tobacco smoke paralyses the cilia, which allows the smoke direct access into your lungs It also makes the lining of your respiratory tract swell, which reduces air flow

Diseases Caused by Smoking In chronic bronchitis, the bronchi become swollen and clogged with mucus Smoking can cause emphysema- the loss of elasticity in the lungs Emphysema make breathing difficult and reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissue Lung cancer is especially dangerous because it spreads so quickly Smoking narrows the blood vessels

Smoking and the Nonsmoker Second hand smoke is just as dangerous Second hand smoke is especially damaging to young children and can lead to asthma

Vocab Pharynx- The passageway for both air and food Trachea- The windpipe Larynx- The vocal cords Bronchi- The two large passageways into the lungs Alveoli- Tiny air sacs where the diffusion of gasses takes place Diaphragm- The large flat muscle that allows you to breathe Nicotine- A stimulant that increases heart rate and blood pressure Emphysema- The loss of elasticity of the tissue of the lungs

Self-Test Questions What are the components of the respiratory system? The _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____. What can long term effect second hand smoke have on kids? A) Lung cancer B) Addiction problems C) Emphysema D) Asthma

What part of cigarette smoke causes cancer? A) Nicotine B) Carbon monoxide C) Tar D) Glue fumes You can still breathe even if there is no oxygen in the air. True or false? What part of the throat contains the vocal cords? A) Pharynx B) Larynx C) Trachea D) Bronchus

What passes through the trachea? A) Food B) Water C) Air D) All of the above Gas diffusion takes place in the… A) Bronchiole B) Alveoli C) Bronchus D) Capillaries How do your vocal cords work?

Respiration means? ? A) . B) . C) . D) .

Key D C A A&D False B False/ it carries signals from the SV node 37-1 37-3 D C A A&D False B False/ it carries signals from the SV node The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs D C True/ you can breathe, you just don’t receive oxygen B Air passes through the two flaps and vibrates according to how tight or loose they are The process of gas exchange