1. As always, copy everything in RED and any pictures you are told to.
Respiratory System
As always, copy everything in RED and any pictures you are told to.

2. What is Respiration?
Cellular respiration = producing energy (ATP) from the breakdown of molecules in food in the presence of oxygen
Respiration = oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between cells, blood, and air in the lungs
What does CPR stand for?-- cardiopulmonary resuscitation (rescue breathing combined with chest compressions

3. Human Respiratory System
Function: exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Structures:
Nose: filters air as it enters the body
Pharynx: tube in the back of the mouth (throat) passes air and food
Larynx: “voice box” = vocal cords (two folds of elastic tissue)
Trachea: “windpipe”
Epiglottis covers entrance of trachea when you swallow
Bronchi: large passageways leading air to each lung
Bronchioles are branches from bronchi in each lung
Lungs: gas exchange
Alveoli = tiny air sacs clustered at the end of the bronchioles and wrapped in capillaries

4. Figure 37-14 The Respiratory System
Section 37-3
Pharynx
Nose
Larynx
Trachea
Mouth
Lung
Bronchiole
Epiglottis
Bronchus
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
Capillaries
Edge of
pleural membrane

5. Gas Exchange 350 million alveoli in a healthy lung
Increase surface area for gas exchange across capillaries
Oxygen in alveoli diffuses across capillaries into blood
Carbon dioxide in blood diffuses across capillaries into alveoli
Very efficient gas exchange
Inhaled air contains 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide
Exhaled air contains 15% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide

6. Figure 37-15 Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Alveoli
Section 37-3
Bronchiole
Capillary

7. Breathing The movement of air into and out of the lungs
At the bottom of the chest cavity is a large flat muscle = diaphragm
The lungs are sealed in two sacs = pleural membranes
When you breathe in (inhale), the diaphragm contracts and expands the volume of the chest cavity, creating a partial vacuum in the pleural membranes, allowing atmospheric pressure to fill the lungs with air
When you breathe out (exhale), the diaphragm relaxes and decreases the volume of the chest cavity, increasing the pressure in the chest cavity and forcing air out of the pleural membranes

8. Figure 37-16 The Mechanics of Breathing
Section 37-3
Air exhaled
Air inhaled
Rib cage descends
Rib cage rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation

9. How breathing is controlled
Although you can voluntarily hold your breath, eventually your body will “force” you to breathe
Breathing is controlled in the medulla oblongata in the brain, which is part of the autonomic nervous system
Cells monitor the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and as it increases, nerve impulses cause the diaphragm to contract bringing air into the lungs

10. Tobacco creates problems
Smoking tobacco damages and eventually destroys the protective system by paralyzing cilia and trapping mucus in airways
Tobacco contains:
Nicotine = addictive, stimulate drug that increases the heart rate and blood pressure
Carbon monoxide = poisonous gas that blocks the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in the blood
Tar = carcinogen (causes cancer)

11. Respiratory diseases caused by smoking
Chronic bronchitis = bronchi become swollen and clogged with mucus, so constant coughing to try and force the particles out
Emphysema = respiratory disease due to loss of elasticity of lung tissue making breathing very difficult
Lung cancer = deadly because it spreads to other parts of body
Heart disease = narrowing of blood vessels increases blood pressure and makes the heart work harder

12. Circulatory System

13. Circulation and Respiration
Each breath brings oxygen rich air into your body
Your cells need that oxygen
Your heart delivers oxygen to your cells
Working together, your circulatory and respiratory systems supply cells throughout the body with the nutrients and oxygen that they need to stay alive!

14. Function
The circulatory system transports substances including oxygen, nutrients and wastes to and from cells responding to changing demands by diffusion (from high to low concentration along concentration gradient).

15. Structure
Humans have a closed circulatory system.
Blood is pumped through a system of vessels
(In an open system, blood flows in vessels and sinuses/gills)
Sometimes the circulatory system is also called the “cardiovascular system” because:
Cardio = heart
Vascular = vessels
The human circulatory system consists of:
The heart
A series of blood vessels
Blood that flows through them

16. The Heart
Located near the center of your chest
A hollow organ about the size of your fist composed of cardiac muscle.
Enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the pericardium
Inside there are two thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue
Contractions of the myocardium, a thick cardiac muscle, pump blood through the circulatory system
The heart contracts about 72 times a minute
Each contraction pumps about 70 mL of blood

17. Septum, or wall, separates the right side from the left side preventing mixing of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood
Flaps of connective tissue called valves divide each side into 2 chambers: totaling 4 chambers
Upper chambers receive blood = atrium
Lower chambers pump blood out of heart = ventricle
Heart

18. Types of Circulation
Pulmonary circulation = from right side of the heart to lungs where carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen is absorbed
Systemic circulation = from left side of the heart to organs
Coronary circulation = through heart tissue

19. Pulmonary Circulation
The right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs
In the lungs, carbon dioxide leaves the blood while oxygen is absorbed.
The oxygen-rich blood goes into the left side of the heart

20. Systemic Circulation
The oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart is pumped to the rest of the body
Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right side of the heart
This blood is oxygen-poor because the cells absorbed the oxygen and released carbon dioxide into the blood
The oxygen-poor blood is ready for another trip to the lungs to get oxygen again

22. Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System
Section 37-1
Capillaries of head and arms
Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of right lung
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Capillaries of left lung

23. Blood Flow through the heart
Blood leaves the heart in arteries, and blood returns to heart in veins.
Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrium through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the aortic valve to the aorta, which is the largest artery of your body.
The aorta branches into various arteries pumping blood through your body.
Deoxygenated blood returns from the top of your body through the superior vena cava and from the bottom of your body through the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries.
The pulmonary arteries pump blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Heart circulation animation:

24. The Path of Blood– KNOW THIS!!!

25. Valves
Blood enters into the atria of the heart, separated from the ventricles by valves, preventing back-flow of blood keeping the blood flowing in one direction
When the atria contract, the valves open and blood flows into the ventricles
When the ventricles contract, the valves close preventing blood from flowing back into the atria and blood flows out of the heart
At the exits of the ventricles, there are valves that prevent blood from flowing back into the heart
The “lub-dup” sound of your heart is caused by the closing of the heart’s valves. The “lub” is when the ventricles contract and blood being forced against the artioventricular or A-V (tricuspid or mitral) valves. The “dup” is the blood being forced against the semilunar (aortic or pulmonary) valves.

26. Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart
Section 37-1
Inferior Vena Cava
Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Veins
Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium
Superior Vena Cava
Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium
Aorta
Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary Arteries
Bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta
Mitral Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Septum
Right Ventricle

27. Heartbeat There are two muscle contractions in the heart: The atria
The ventricles
Each contraction begins in a small group of cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium that stimulate the rest of the muscle cells = sinoatrial node (SA node)
Since the sinoatrial node sets the pace for the heart it is also called “the pacemaker”
The impulse spreads from the pacemaker through fibers in the atria to the atrioventricular node (AV node) and through fibers in the ventricles
When the atria contract, blood flows into the ventricles
When the ventricle contract, blood flows out of the heart

28. Blood vessels
Blood circulates in one direction and it is moved by the pumping of the heart
As blood flows through the circulatory system, it moves through three types of blood vessels:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

29. Arteries
Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart to tissues of the body
Except for the pulmonary arteries, all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
Arteries have thick walls of elastic connective tissue, contractible smooth muscle, and epithelial cells that help them withstand the powerful pressure produced when the heart contracts and pushes blood into the arteries.

30. Capillaries
The smallest of the blood vessels connecting arteries and veins
Walls are one cell thick allowing for easier diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from capillaries to body cells and wastes and carbon dioxide from body cells to capillaries

31. Veins Return blood to the heart
Veins have walls of connective tissue and smooth muscle
Large veins contain valves that keep blood flowing towards the heart
Many veins are located near skeletal muscles, so when the muscles contract, they help force blood through the veins, even against gravity
Exercise helps prevent accumulation of blood in limbs and stretching veins out of shape

32. Blood Pressure
The heart produces pressure when it contracts.
The force of blood on the arteries’ walls = blood pressure
Blood pressure decreases when the heart relaxes, but there must always be some pressure to keep the blood flowing
Doctors measure blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer recording two numbers
Systolic pressure = force felt in arteries when ventricles contract
Diastolic pressure = force of blood felt in arteries when ventricles relax
Average adult’s blood pressure = 120/80

33. High Blood Pressure Also known as Hypertension
Forces heart to work harder, which may weaken or damage the heart muscle and vessels
More likely to develop heart disease and increased risk of heart attack and stroke

34. Heart Attack A medical emergency
Coronary arteries (supplying heart blood) bring oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself
Blockage of coronary artery may damage or kill part of heart muscle (myocardium) due to lack of oxygen = heart attack
Symptoms include: chest pain/pressure, feeling of heartburn/indigestion, sudden dizziness, or brief loss of consciousness

35. Stroke
Blood clots may break free from vessels and get stuck in a blood vessel leading to a part of the brain = stroke
Brain cells relying on that vessel may begin to die from lack of oxygen and brain function in that region may be lost
Strokes can also occur when a weakened artery in the brain burst, flooding the area with blood

36. Prevention Exercise – increases respiratory system’s efficiency
Cardiovascular diseases are easy to prevent:
Exercise – increases respiratory system’s efficiency
Weight control – reduces body fat and stress
Sensible diet – low in saturated fat reduces risk of heart disease
Not smoking – reduces risk of heart disease