Immigrants, Industry and the City

Background of Industrial Revolution War of 1812 Transportation Revolution Textiles Artifical Power Mechanization of Production Replaceable Parts Factory Production Destruction of the Artisan Class

Inventing Technology Thomas Edison Chemistry –Charles Goodyear (Vulcanization of Rubber) –John Wesley Hyatt--Celluloid –Leo Hendrik Baekeland -- Bakelite –DuPont Corporation Information Technology

Rising Industry Agriculture –$1.5 billion in 1870; $7.5 billion by 1919 Fuels Infrastructure Rising Factories: –1859: 140,000 –1914: 268,000

Industry Steel –Bessemer Steel and Open Hearth Techniques –Applications –Rise: 13,000 tons in > 1910: 28 million Andrew Carnegie Meatpacking and other Processed Foods

The Corporations Outlives its founders Limited liability of owners Fictive Legal Person Vertical Integration –Meatpacking Horizontal Integration –Standard Oil

Financing the Industrial Revolution Greenbacks Silver Rise of Wall Street Bonds Mergers –Pools –Trusts –Holding Companies

Changes in Retailing Fixed Prices Replace Haggling General Store Department Store Chain Store Mail-Order House

Creation of Modern Labor Force Transition Undercutting Artisans Multi-Job Families Unsafe Conditions Wage Issues Work Insecurity Long Hours

Female Labor 1880: 2.6 of 17.4 million workers are women 1900: 85% of female labor are unmarried and 25 or younger No Family Wage Inadequate Female Wages

Limited Professions Teachers Nurses Social Work –Social Housekeeping Domestics

Child Labor 4% of non-farm workforce in 1900 Due to inadequacy of Adult Wages Protests begin in 1890

Women’s Entertainments

Business Ethics: The Self-Made Man The Algerian Dream Personal Property and Self Mastery Roots in American Experience

Business Ethics: Crush Everyone Else Laisez Faire Social Darwinism Contradictions: –Big Businesses had hard to overcome edge –Businesses loved government help--for them. –Businessmen hated competition and loved monopolies...if they ran them.

The Gospel of Wealth Andrew Carnegie Advocated intelligent philanthrophy Creation of institutions of self-improvement Discouraged redistribution of wealth and poverty assistance charities Rejected leaving your fortune to your kids –Say no to Paris Hilton, etc.

Unions National Labor Union ( ) Knights of Labor ( ) American Federation of Labor (1886- ) Strikes Great Uprising / 1877 Railroad Strike Homestead Steel Strike (1892) 1900: 7% of workers (3/4ths were AFL)

Supreme Court Backs Big Business Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) Munn vs. Illinois (1877) Santa Clar Co. V. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company vs. Illinois (1886) Pollock v. Farmers Loan and Trust Company (1895)

First Efforts at Regulation Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) –1897 Maximum Freight Rates Case Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) –United States vs. E. C. Knight (1895)

Immigration

Immigrants: Western US Japanese: 50,000 by 1900 –Farm Labor Chinese: 125,000 by 1882 –Mining, Railroads, and Support Businesses –Called California ‘Gold Mountain’ –“Chinese Food”

Chinese Gold Miners

Eastern US Immigration Italians Jews Slavs Greeks Many are Catholic or Greek Orthodox

Greek Immigrants in Ethnic Dress

Immigrant Communities Women’s Roles Ghettos / Ethnic Neighborhoods Religion and Fraternal Organizations Linguistic Enclaves

Italian Society Parade

Internal Migration The Push West –1900: The Frontier Closes “The Great Migration” –Moving North –Work Opportunities –Ghettos –Communal Institutions

The American City: Growth 1860: 25 million Rural / 6.2 mil Urban 1910: 50 million Rural / 42 mil Urban –3 Cities: 1 million + –5: 500, ,000 New Immigrants Rural Migration

The American City: Neighborhood Specialization Districting Suburbs Urban Transportation: –Streetcards –Elevated Rail –Electric Streetcar –Subways –Effects

Problems Wastes –Improved Sewage –1910: 10 out of 42 million Americans have access to clean water Tenements –Poorly made –Poorly insulated –No fire codes –Cramped

Crime Mostly Urban Murders Quadruple (Lead?) Slums Prostitution –Regulators –White Slavery Panic –Anti-Vice Crusaders

Political Machines Urban Immigrants Bosses Corruption Social Services Upper Class Protest

New Urban Architecture Technology Skyscrapers Style Louis Sullivan

Education Innovators Country vs. City Rise of High Schools Classical vs. Modern Curricula Assimilation Universities –Land Grant and Co-Ed Universities

Sports: Baseball 1840: NYC Area Pro Ball: Cincinnati Red Stockings National League (1880s) - 8 million spectators / year 1899: American League 1903: First World Series (Boston Americans (AL) vs Pittsburgh Pirates (NL), 5-3 games.

Entertainment Theatre: Melodrama --> Realism Music Orchestras Black Music (Ragtime) New Theatre Forms

Motion Pictures Thomas Edison (1890s) 1895: First projected movies 1903: Great Train Robbery -- First full story 1905: 3,000 movie theatres 1914: 13,000 movie theatres / 5-7 million patrons a day

Sports Urban Need for Exercise and Entertainment Basketball (1891) Bicycling (1890s) Blue Laws Boxing (Jack Johnson 1908) Football Male Dominated