1. U.S HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT REGENTS REVIEW POWER POINT 5 The First Industrial Revolution and Wave of Immigration

2. Growth of Factories Factories sprouted in GB in the 1700s
Factory technology spread to the US in the early 1800s
Built in New England
Iron
Coal
Rivers

3. The Factory System
The production of goods in factories = the factory system
Lowell Mill
Hired young women from farms to work in the factories
Offered financial independence
1840s and 1850s: Irish immigrants offer a more permanent work force

4. First Wave of Immigration: 1840s-1860s
Most immigrants came from northern and Western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland)
Potato famine in Ireland caused a widespread exodus from the country
Immigrants settled in Northern cities and western farms
Immigrants provided a steady labor force in new factories, so there was little regulation

5. Early Nativism Nativism: anti-immigrant feelings
“No Irish Need Apply”
America is for Americans
Irish Catholic immigrants were despised for their religion and affinity for alcohol
Know-Nothing Party: political party formed to restrict immigration

6. The Second Industrial Revolution and Wav of Immigration

7. Transportation
Homestead Act 1862: Offered free land to people who would become western farmers
Pacific Railway Act 1862: Provided land to RR companies
Helps fund RR development
Facilitates western migration
Transcontinental RR: makes it easier to transport good and people from east to west

8. Business Development Corporation Monopoly
A business with many investors
Give a business access to more money (capital)
Limits individual loss if the business fails
Monopoly
One company has complete control over an entire industry (i.e. Carnegie steel, Rockefeller’s Standard Oil)
Conglomerate, pool, trust, holding company, vertical/horizontal integration

9. Henry Ford’s Assembly Line
Moving Assembly Line: goods are moved down the assembly line on a conveyor belt; combination of human and machine labor
Mass produce cars
Lowers cost of production
Lowers consumer cost
Method will later transfer into other industries

10. Attitudes toward Business
Laissez Faire
Gov’t should not interfere in the affairs of business
Free enterprise system: private individuals make economic decision
Social Darwinism
Stems from Charles Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest
Free enterprise would see weak businesses fail and strong succeed
Robber Barons
Entrepreneurs gained wealth through ruthless methods at the expense of the poor
Philanthropists
Entrepreneurs used their wealth to aid society

11. Gov’t Action toward Business
Supreme Court Decisions
Munn v. Illinois: permits the state to regulate private property when it affects the public interest
Wabash, et al v. Illinois: only the federal gov’t can regulate interstate commerce
Interstate Commerce Commission
Work to end railroad abuses
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Monopolies are illegal
Similar to Clayton Anti-Trust Act

12. Organization of Labor
Major Unions: American Federation of Labor (skilled workers); Knights of Labor
Major Leaders: Terrence Powderly, Samuel Gompers, Eugene V. Debs
Collective bargaining: union representative will work with business to make a deal for everyone
Early strikes were unsuccessful bc gov’t sided with big business

13. The West Post Civil War: mass movement to the west
Leads to conflicts with Native Americans
Dawes Act: Americanize Native Americans
Populist Party and Granger Movement
Farmers relied on RR to transport crops
RR prices were fixed at a high rate, keeping farmers relatively poor
Call for gov’t regulation of RR, telephones, telegraph
Free coinage of silver to put more money into circulation

14. Second Wave of Immigration
Known as “new immigrants” 1870 to 1920
Came from southern and eastern Europe
New Nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act: limits Chinese immigration
Gentlemen’s Agreement: limits Japanese immigration
Emergency Quota Act: places a limit on immigration from certain countries (Russia, Italy)
National Origins Act: further limits immigration from southern and eastern Europe

15. Urbanization Industrialization=Immigration=Urbanization
Most factories and jobs were in the cities, so many people settled in the cities near their jobs
Immigrants lived in tenements
Poor working conditions: tight spaces, dangerous machines, no ventilation, long hours, low wages
Child labor
All conditions created by industrialization
Leads into the progressive movement