1. Immigrants, Industry and the City

2. Background of Industrial Revolution War of 1812 Transportation Revolution Textiles Artificial Power Mechanization of Production Replaceable Parts Factory Production Destruction of the Artisan Class

3. Thomas Edison Creates –Lightbulb –DC Electricity Generation –Image and sound recording Innovator in creation of research labs

4. Inventing Technology Chemistry –Charles Goodyear (Vulcanization of Rubber) -- 1839 –John Wesley Hyatt--Celluloid--1863 –Leo Hendrik Baekeland -- Bakelite -- 1909 –DuPont Corporation Information Technology –Typewriter, Telephone, Rotary Printing Press, Telegraph

5. Rising Industry Agriculture –$1.5 billion in 1870; $7.5 billion by 1919 –50% of workers in 1870; 31% by 1910 Fuels –Coal, Oil, Wood –Electrical Generation Infrastructure –240,000 miles of Rail by 1910

6. Changes In Workforce Rising Factories: –1859: 140,000 –1914: 268,000 Changing Workers (1870-1910) –Agriculture: 50%-->31% –Industry: 23%-->29% –Commerce: 11%-->19%

7. The Steel Industry New Techniques: –Bessemer Steel: Pump air through molten steel –Open Hearth: Recycles heat to save fuel Applications: –Construction, Vehicles, Rail Lines, Factory Machines Rise: 13,000 tons in 1860 --> 1910: 28 million

8. Meatpacking Chicago Union Stock Yards (1865) –475 acres with internal rail lines and roads –Millions of cattle and pigs a year –Adjacent plants could pack year round by storing meat in refrigerator rooms Refrigerator cars hauled meat to other cities

9. The Chicago Union Stockyard

10. Grain Processing Chicago Board of Trade—1850 –Standardizes grain quality grades –Grain storage now works like a bank for money Deposit grain in storage Write 'checks' to pay out grain to others –Civil War leads to the 'futures' trade

11. Rise of Breakfast Cereal 'Granula'—granulated wheat, soak overnight, 1863 Quaker Oats man registered, 1877 –The Cereal Box, 1887 Grape Nuts, C.W. Post, 1897 Toasted Corn Flakes, W.K. Kellogg, 1906

13. The Corporations Outlives its founders Limited liability of owners Fictive Legal Person Vertical Integration –Meatpacking Horizontal Integration –Standard Oil

14. Financing the Industrial Revolution Greenbacks Silver Rise of Wall Street Bonds Mergers –Pools –Trusts –Holding Companies

15. Changes in Retailing Fixed Prices Replace Haggling General Store—cheap but narrow range of goods Department Store –Broad range of goods –Offers special services (warranties, bridal registry, home delivery, etc.) –Leads to rise of the Chain Stores

16. Rise of the Department Store 1846: The Marble Palace 1858: W. H. Macy's and Lord and Taylor's Might occupy an entire city block

17. Rise of the Mail Order Houses Enables rural Americans to buy anything by mail 1872—Aaron Montgomery Ward's first catalog sent out

18. Creation of Modern Labor Force By 1900, 19 of 27 million worked for wages –Factories destroyed independent artisans Everyone in family worked to survive –Wages were below survival level Job Conditions Unsafe: 30,000 railworkers alone died every year Work Insecurity: Few worked year round –Many had to move a lot for work Long Hours: 12 hours a day, 6 days a week

19. Female Labor 1880: 2.6 of 17.4 million workers are women 1900: 85% of female labor are unmarried and 25 or younger No Family Wage Inadequate Female Wages (25-50% of what men made)

20. Limited Professions Teachers Nurses Social Work –Social Housekeeping Domestics

21. Child Labor 4% of non-farm workforce in 1900 Due to inadequacy of Adult Wages Protests begin in 1890

22. Women’s Entertainments

23. Business Ethics: The Self-Made Man Horatio Alger Novels—Work hard and improve yourself and you will flourish This appeals to many Americans Strong American belief in self- improvement, self-denial to accumulate wealth, and desire for personal property

24. Business Ethics: Crush Everyone Else Laisez Faire—Government stay out of business! Social Darwinism—CRUSH THE WEAK AND GROW STRONG –An excuse to be evil Contradictions: –Big Businesses had hard to overcome edge –Businesses loved government help--for them. –Businessmen hated competition and loved monopolies...if they ran them.

25. Andrew Carnegie Immigrant (Scot) Factory Work → Massive Steel Empire Gives away most of fortune Urges 'Intelligent Philanthropy'

26. The Gospel of Wealth Written by Andrew Carnegie Advocated intelligent philanthrophy Creation of institutions of self-improvement Discouraged redistribution of wealth and poverty assistance charities Rejected leaving your fortune to your kids –Say no to Paris Hilton, etc.

27. Unions National Labor Union (1865-1873) Knights of Labor (1871-1932) American Federation of Labor (1886- ) Strikes Great Uprising / 1877 Railroad Strike Homestead Steel Strike (1892) 1900: 7% of workers (3/4ths were AFL)

28. Supreme Court Backs Big Business Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) Munn vs. Illinois (1877) Santa Clar Co. V. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company vs. Illinois (1886) Pollock v. Farmers Loan and Trust Company (1895)

29. First Efforts at Regulation Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) –1897 Maximum Freight Rates Case Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) –United States vs. E. C. Knight (1895)

30. Immigration

31. Immigrants: Western US Japanese: 50,000 by 1900 –Farm Labor Chinese: 125,000 by 1882 –Mining, Railroads, and Support Businesses –Called California ‘Gold Mountain’ –“Chinese Food”

32. Chinese Gold Miners

33. Eastern US Immigration Italians Jews Slavs Greeks Many are Catholic or Greek Orthodox

34. Greek Immigrants in Ethnic Dress

35. Immigrant Communities Women’s Roles Ghettos / Ethnic Neighborhoods Religion and Fraternal Organizations Linguistic Enclaves

36. Italian Society Parade

37. Internal Migration The Push West –1900: The Frontier Closes “The Great Migration” –Moving North –Work Opportunities –Ghettos –Communal Institutions

38. The American City: Growth 1860: 25 million Rural / 6.2 mil Urban 1910: 50 million Rural / 42 mil Urban –3 Cities: 1 million + –5: 500,000 - 999,000 New Immigrants Rural Migration

39. The American City: Neighborhood Specialization Districting Suburbs Urban Transportation: –Streetcards –Elevated Rail –Electric Streetcar –Subways –Effects

40. Problems Wastes –Improved Sewage –1910: 10 out of 42 million Americans have access to clean water Tenements –Poorly made –Poorly insulated –No fire codes –Cramped

41. Crime Mostly Urban Murders Quadruple (Lead?) Slums Prostitution –Regulators –White Slavery Panic –Anti-Vice Crusaders

42. Political Machines Urban Immigrants Bosses Corruption Social Services Upper Class Protest

43. New Urban Architecture Technology Skyscrapers Style Louis Sullivan

44. Education Innovators Country vs. City Rise of High Schools Classical vs. Modern Curricula Assimilation Universities –Land Grant and Co-Ed Universities

45. Sports: Baseball 1840: NYC Area Pro Ball: 1869--Cincinnati Red Stockings National League (1880s) - 8 million spectators / year 1899: American League 1903: First World Series (Boston Americans (AL) vs Pittsburgh Pirates (NL), 5-3 games.

46. Entertainment Theatre: Melodrama --> Realism Music Orchestras Black Music (Ragtime) New Theatre Forms

47. Motion Pictures Thomas Edison (1890s) 1895: First projected movies 1903: Great Train Robbery -- First full story 1905: 3,000 movie theatres 1914: 13,000 movie theatres / 5-7 million patrons a day

48. Sports Urban Need for Exercise and Entertainment Basketball (1891) Bicycling (1890s) Blue Laws Boxing (Jack Johnson 1908) Football Male Dominated