China Rejects European Outreach

THE MING DYNASTY( )  By the time Portugal landed on China in 1514, China was the dominant power in the region.  In recognition of China’s power, vassal states paid a tribute or payment to China. They did this to show they were beneath China.  China expected the Europeans to pay a tribute too.

THE RISE OF THE MING  Hongwu, the son of a peasant, led the Chinese to push the Mongols out of China in He became the first Emperor of the MING Dynasty.  He tried to rebuild China through agricultural reforms(rice production and improve irrigation)

Hongwu  1.He used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China.  2. He improved imperial administration by having merit based civil service examination system.  3. He eventually became a tyrant—he believed everyone was plotting against him-which made him meaner.  He dies and his son Yonglo takes over. He moves the royal court to Beijing. He pushed exploration.

ZHENG HE  He was the admiral who led the Chinese expeditions. He initially went to Southeast Asia and India. Later he went to Arabia and Eastern Africa.  He was able to accomplish Yonglo’s goal of impressing the world with the power and splendor of the Ming Dynasty.  Everywhere Zheng went he brought gifts to show how superior the Chinese were.  16 countries sent tributes to China as a result of these journeys.  Chinese scholars thought the trips were a waste of money---so they put a stop to them. The last voyage was in 1433.

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries  China wanted to keep foreigners out; therefore, only the government was allowed to trade. “Closed Door” Policy  The Chinese were profiting from interest in their goods---but it didn’t want to invest it’s money in industrialization for 2 reasons: 1. Offended Confucian Beliefs—merchants made their money by supporting foreigners and robbery (smuggling). 2. The culture favored agriculture Missionaries brought Christianity with them to China— Many educated Chinese people were against Christianity being introduced.

The Qing Dynasty  As time went on the Ming Dynasty began to weaken. This left it open for invasion by the Manchus—who took over Beijing.  The Manchus took a Chinese name for their dynasty—Quing. They ruled for 260 years.

China under the Qing Dynasty  Initially the Qing were not welcomed into China. The Qing made the men wear their hair in ponytails as a sign of submission. Eventually, as time went on the Qing became more accepted.  They supported China’s traditional Confucian beliefs and social structures. They made the country safer and richer.

The first Qing Emperor  Kangxi became emperor in 1661 and he ruled for 60 years. He lowered government expenses and taxes.

Manchus Policy of Isolation  The Chinese believed that if Europeans wanted to trade with them they would have to follow Chinese traditions and beliefs. KOWTOW=  The Dutch accepted the beliefs and paid tribute to China. This opened up trade to China for the Dutch. Items like porcelain and silk were sought after from China. The most important traded item introduced was TEA.

 Great Britain wanted to trade with the Chinese too, but they weren’t willing to obey the traditions of the Chinese. They request to trade was denied.

Korea under the Manchus  The Manchu’s had conquered Korea and they made Korea the “little brother” of China.  The Koreans had a strong feeling of nationalism and they showed their interest in themselves through artwork.

Daily Life—Family and Women  Most Chinese people farmed. The Europeans had introduced new crops-sweet potatoes and corn. This led for increased food production (irrigation system) and better diets.  Women were treated as being below men— they were responsible for educating the youth and for managing finances. Also, foot binding occurred which showed the mistreatment of women.

Lily Feet/Foot Binding

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS  China was based on tradition and culturally it was very conservative. They used traditional styles in art and often portrayed cultural heroes in their work

Japan Limits Western Contact  In 1467, a civil war shattered Japan. It’s entire government system (feudalism fell apart).  Powerful Samurai took control of former feudal states. The peasants paid a fee to be protected by these daimyo.  The country was ruled by these daimyo and the emperor was a figure head.

New Leaders Restore Order  Oda Nobunaga, a daimyo, defeated the other daimyos and took the capital of Kyoto in  Using firearms(guns) Nobunaga was able to fight off all of his competition. However, he killed himself when one of his generals turned on him.  His general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, fought off any remaining daimyo. By 1590 he controlled the country through the use of allies. He invaded Korea in 1592 and fought the Koreans until his death.

Tokugawa Shogunate Unites Japan  Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated his rival daimayo and he earned the respect of the other daimayo. After 3 years, Tokugawa was able to become the only Shogun or leader of Japan. He moved the capital to Edo—the modern day location of Tokyo.

 Tokyo Became one of the largest cities in the word  There were many cultural developments Theater- Kabuki  Haiku Poetry syllable 3 line verse

Contact with Europe and Japan  The Portuguese were the first to trade with Japan  They brought firearms, clocks, eyeglasses and tobacco  The Japanese warriors were very interested in firearms which outdated the traditional samurai sword.  Eventually the gun and cannon changed Japan-forcing Daimyo to build fortified castles.  Missionaries came to Japan to spread Christianity- At first welcomed eventually religious rebellion caused Tokugawa Ieyasu banned Christianity and eliminated it in Japan  By 1639 Japan had instituted a “Closed Door” Policy- Only the Dutch and the Chinese were allowed to trade and only in the port of Nagasaki

Chapter 3- Sections 2 & 3- China Rejects European Outreach/Japan Limits Western Contacts  Read pages in the textbook and complete the following:  Section 2- Make a chart comparing the Ming and Qing Dynasty: include in your chart the dates the dynasty lasted, the key leaders, their accomplishments, foreign policy and Cultural developments.  Section 3- Make a diagram similar to the one on page 95 to show the social structure in Japanese society. Make a chart similar to the one on page 97 to show the accomplishments of each of the major daimyos- make sure you include the dates they ruled.