1. China Limits European contacts
Chapter 19
Section 2

2. Key Terms Ming Dynasty Hongwu Yonglo Zheng He Manchus Qing Dynasty
Kangxi

3. The Rise of the Ming China became a dominant power
Vassals states in Korea paid the Ming tribute
China expected the same from Europeans
Was not going to let outsiders threaten peace and prosperity

4. The Rise of the Ming Ming had ended Mongol rule
Hongwu- a peasant’s son who drove the Mongols out
Ruled from Yuan capital
Restored destroyed fields
Erased all traces of the Mongol past

5. The Rise of the Ming
Hongwu’s agriculture reforms increased rice production and irrigation
Encouraged fish farming, growing crops (cotton, sugar cane)
Brought stability to China

6. The Rise of the Ming Encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards
Improved on restoring merit based civil service
Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant
Purged the government
Killed thousands of officials

7. The Rise of the Ming Hongwu’s death in n1398 led to a power struggle
Yonglo his son emerged victorious
Moved the royal Court to Beijing
Yonglo had a curiosity of the outside world
Launched 7 voyages of exploration

8. The Voyages of Zeng He Chinese admiral who led all seven voyages
Large distances, large fleet, large ships
Went from Southeast Asia to Africa
Fighting ships, storage vessels
Treasure ships measuring over 400 feet

9. The Voyages of Zeng He 27,000 people in the crew
Sailors, soldiers, carpenters, accountants, doctors and religious leaders
Distributed gifts of silks and silver to show superiority
156 countries sent tribute to the Ming court
After 7th voyage China withdrew in isolation

10. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries
Trade policies in the 1500’s isolation
Only government could conduct foreign trade
Only trade through three ports
Canton
Macao
Ningbo

11. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries
Profited minded merchants smuggled goods
Europeans paid with silver from American mines
Silk-making and ceramics grew rapidly
Manufacturing and commerce grew rapidly

12. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries
Idea of commerce offended Confucian beliefs
Money supported foreigners who were robbers
Chinese policies favored agriculture
Taxes on manufacturing skyrocketed, agriculture stayed low

13. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries
Missionaries accompanied traders to China
Brought Christianity, knowledge of European science and technology (clock)
Matteo Ricci- first Jesuit to have an impact

14. Manchus Found Qing Dynasty
Higher taxes and bad harvest pushed peasants to starvation
1644 Manchus people invade China
Seized Beijing and became the leader
Upheld Confucian beliefs
Qing Dynasty will rule for 260 years

15. China Under Qing Resisted the rule of non- Chinese Manchus
Reduced government expenses and reduced taxes
Scholar and patron of the arts
Company of Jesuits in his court

16. China under Qing Jesuits taught him mathematics, science and medicine
Qian-long (grandson) ruled from
China reached its greatest size and prosperity
Expanded European missionaries in China

17. Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation
Middle kingdom was the center of the universe fro 2,000 years
Foreign states wanted to trade they had to follow Chinese rules
Use only special ports and pay tribute
Dutch accepted Chinese restrictions

18. Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation
Kowtow ritual-kneeling in front of the emperor and touching your head nine times
Dutch sold tea, silk and porcelain
1800 tea was 80% of the shipments
Great Britain did not like Chinese restrictions

19. Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation
Britain refused to kowtow and China declined the invite to trade
China was self sufficient and did not need the British

20. Korea Under Manchus Manchus had conquered Korea
Korea organized their government under Confucian ideas
They adopted Chinese technology
Chinese invasion and Japanese attacks provoked strong feelings of nationalism

21. Korea Under Manchus Sentiment was evident in their art
Many artists showed popular Korean scenes

22. Life in Ming and Qing China
Most families farmed the land
Farmers grew more than rice (sweet potatoes, corn)
Food production increased, population followed
Families favored sons over daughters

23. Life in Ming and Qing China
Only sons could perform vital religious rituals
Females were not valued
Many female infants were killed
Men dominated the households

24. Life in Ming and Qing China
Women had a lot of responsibilities
Supervised children’s education
Worked the fields
Managed the family finances
Women force to remain secluded in their homes
Worked as midwives or textiles

25. Cultural Developments
Chinese fiction written during this period
Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan
Examines upper class society in the 1700’s
Valued techniques over creativity
Pottery needed technical skill

26. Cultural Developments
Experimentation led to production of high quality ceramics and porcelain
Drama was popular entertainment
Plays presented Chinese history and heroes
Helped to unify and Chinese society by creating a national culture