Ch. 19: Blood Fluid connective tissue with cells suspended in a fluid matrix

Cardiovascular system Cardio = heart; acts as pump Vascular = series of tubes; connections Body has over 75 trillion total cells

19.1 Functions of Blood TRANSPORT and DELIVERY of nutrients like sugar and amino acids, O2, elimination of wastes like NH4 ▫Cells without blood supply die in about 4 minutes DEFENSE of the body ▫Antigens and antibodies of immune system REGULATION of ions and pH CLOTTING to decrease blood volume lost Regulation of TEMPERATURE

Physical Characteristics of Blood “whole blood” 38 C or 100 F 5X viscosity of water 7.35 – 7.45 pH Volume = 7% of mass ▫150 pounds = roughly 5 L ( or 5 quarts)  5 liters is about 11 pints ▫Full grown adult male – 5 to 5.5 L ▫Full grown adult female – 4 to 5 L

19.2 Plasma 46 – 63 % of blood volume ▫7 % proteins = albumin (60% for pressure), globulin (35 % antibodies), fibrinogen (4 % clotting), mostly from the liver ▫1 % solutes = fatty acids, amino acids, Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, HCO3, HPO4, SO4 ▫92 % water Ringer’s solution ▫Isotonic saline solution used to maintain volume; doesn’t carry any O2 Artificial Blood – current research

19.3 Formed elements 37 – 54 % of blood ▫< 1 % platelets ▫< 1% WBC (white blood cells) ▫99% RBC (red blood cells)

19.3 Red Blood Cells 260 million RBS in every ‘drop’ of blood Total amount ~ 25 trillion RBCs in 5 L 1000 RBC : 1 WBC Biconcave disc for maximum SA : Vol Stack as they go through capillaries Lose nuclei – so can not divide Last 120 days ( 700 miles) Formed in red marrow, liver, spleen, thymus by erythropoiesis Recycled by liver, spleen and marrow

19.4 Blood Typing Over 50 surface antigens Only usually worry about A/B and Rh +/- Is blood is mis-matched agglutination (clumping or clotting) will occur Type (genetic genotype) antigen antibodies get given to ▫“A” (AA, AO) A B A, O A ▫“B” (BB, BO) B A B, O B ▫“AB” (AB) A and B none A, B, AB, O AB ▫“O” (OO) “zero” A and B O All

19.5 White Blood Cells White because lack hemoglobin ( leuko = white) Seen with Wrights stain All can migrate through connective tissues All can do amoeboid movement All have positive chemotaxis Neutrinophils, eosinophils and monocytes can all perform phagocytosis.

WBC Types Granular ▫Neutrinophils; 1 st to injury, nonspecific ▫Eosinophils; attack cells with anitbodies, parasitic infections, nonspecific, increase during allergic reactions ▫Basophils; histamine, dilation of blood vessels, nonspecific Agranular ▫Monocytes; phagocytic, nonspecific ▫Lymphocytes ; specific immune reactions  T cells – cell mediated immunity  B cells – humoral immunity  Killer cells – immune system surveillance

19.6 Platelets Cell fragments Used to help form clots ▫Chemical reaction ▫Physical patch ▫Shrink clot

19.7 Clotting vs. Shock Clotting ▫Vessel contracts ▫Platelets aggregate and form plug ▫Need vitamin K and Ca +2 to form clots ▫Prostaglandins – regulate clotting ▫Heparin – impedes clotting ▫Aspirin (NSAIDS) – decrease prostaglandins, increase bleeding time Shock ▫Loss of blood so that pressure can not be maintained