Chapter 12

 Definition: an abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells or tissue that can lead to death.  Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no purpose.  Benign versus malignant tumors  Benign tumor : mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of other tissues.  Malignant tumor : (Neoplasm) cancerous, can invade surrounding tissues.  Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not. Chapter 122

 Metastasis: Primary tumor  Definition: the spreading of cancer cells, occurs because cancer cells do not stick to each other as strongly as normal cells. ▪ Cells break away from primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and lymphatic system. ▪ Secondary tumor or metastases Chapter 123

 Classified according to the types of cells. ▪ Initially retain some of the original properties of the host cell. ▪ Carcinomas - most common - arises from the epithelial tissue that cover body surfaces. Linings, tubes, cavities and secretion glands. ▪ Sarcomas: arise in connective and fibrous tissues. Bone, muscle, cartilage and membranes covering muscle or fat. ▪ Lymphomas: Cancers of the lymph nodes (neck, armpit, and groin). ▪ Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow. Chapter 125

 1.4 million Americans are diagnosed yearly  More than half will be cured.  About 40% will die as a result of cancer.  1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will be develop cancer during their lifetime.  American Cancer Society estimates  90% of skin cancer could have been prevented  87% of lung cancer could have been prevented Chapter 126

7

 Most common cause of cancer death in the U.S.  162,000 deaths per year  Risk Factors ▪ Tobacco smoking contributes to 87%. ▪ Combined with environmental carcinogens multiply by a factor of 10.  Detection and Treatment (Difficult to detect) ▪ Symptoms are not detected until cancer has reached the invasive stage. ▪ Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis. ▪ Diagnosis - chest x-ray or sputum examination - fiber-optic bronchosectomy. Chapter 128

9

 Treatment:  Difficult to treat.  Caught early treated by surgery ▪ Only 16% are detected prior to spreading ▪ Radiation and chemotherapy are used in addition  Detected early 50% of patients are alive for approximately 5 more years.  Overall the survival rate is only 15% Chapter 1210

 Second leading cancer causing death.  Risk Factors ▪ Directly linked to diet and genetic predisposition. ▪ 90% occurs after 50 yr. of age. ▪ Heredity ▪ Lifestyle ▪ Up to 1/3 of the population is genetically prone.  Detection and Treatment ▪ Diet low in fat and High in fiber ▪ Screening ▪ Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy Chapter 1211

 Second most common cancer in women  Causes almost as many deaths in women as lung cancer  1:7 American women will develop it during her lifetime (213,000).  1:30 Will die from the disease (41,000 deaths).  Risk Factors ▪ Most common in women over 50 ▪ 5 year survival rate is 79% ▪ Common causes: Genetic predisposition, High fat, High calorie diet and Sedentary lifestyle, Alcohol use, early onset of menstruation, First child after 30 and obesity ▪ Estrogen-cancer in estrogen-responsive sites Chapter

 Detection and Treatment  Early detection. ▪ Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20. ▪ Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 yr. ▪ Mammography- Every 1-2 years yr. old. ▪ Over 50 every year.  Treatment ▪ Ultrasonography ▪ Biopsied  Survival rate ▪ 98% if the cells did not metastasized ▪ 88% for all stages at 5 years ▪ 80% at 10 years Chapter 1213

Video:

 Most common cancer in men.  235,000 new cases per year  More than 27,000 deaths per year  Risk Factors ▪ Age ▪ Diet ▪ Lifestyle ▪ Genetic predisposition  Early detection is key. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood test  Treatment - surgical removal of the prostate and radiation  Survival ▪ All stages near 100% after 5 years Chapter

 Cervical cancer - sexually transmitted. ▪ Most cases stem from infection by the papillomavirus - transmitted by unprotected sex. ▪ Smoking ▪ Infection by genital herpes  Cervical cancer most common in women in their 20’s and 30’s. ▪ Factors: sexual intercourse before 18, multiple sex partners, cigarette smoking and low socioeconomic status.  Screening: ▪ PAP Test ▪ Cervical dysplasia ▪ All sexually active women ages should be tested  Treatment ▪ Surgery Chapter 1217

 Uterine, or Endometrial:  Occurs after 55  Risk factors similar to breast cancer  Determined by Pelvic Exam  Treatment is surgery  Ovarian Cancer:  Difficult to detect and diagnosis, No warning signs  Family history or genetic factors  Determined ▪ Pelvic Exam ▪ Blood test – tumor marker called CA-125  Treatment is surgery & radiation Chapter 1218

 Most common form  1 million cases per year  62,000 are melanoma  Easily detected and highly curable  Exposure to ultraviolet rays during childhood  Common cause - sunburns and suntans  Types: ▪ Squamous and basal cell carcinomas ▪ Melanoma - more dangerous form  Prevention ▪ Avoid long term overexposure to sunlight ▪ Blistering and peeling sunburns  Detection and Treatment ▪ ABCD screen test Chapter

Chapter 1220 Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma on cheek

Melanoma Moles vs. Melanoma

 The Role of DNA  Each cells has 23 pairs of chromosomes ▪ Each controls the way a cell will work ▪ A gene  DNA Mutations and Cancer  Changes the way the cells function  Mutagens – radiation, certain viruses and chemical substances  Oncogenes – a gene involved in the transformation of a normal cell into cancer  Tumor suppressor genes – type of oncogene that restrains cellular growth Chapter 1223

 Dietary Fat and Meat  High in fat and meat has a direct impact of rates of cancers.  Alcohol  Fried Foods  Dietary Fiber  Fruits and Vegetables ▪ Anticarcinogens ▪ Carotenoids ▪ Antioxidants versus Free radicals ▪ Phytochemicals Chapter 1224

 Ingested Chemicals  Environmental and Industrial pollution  Radiation - UV rays or man made Chapter 1225

 Detecting:  Self-monitoring  CAUTION acronym  Diagnosing:  Biopsy  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  Computed tomography (CT)  Ultrasonography  Treatment:  Surgery  Chemotherapy  Radiation Therapy  New and Experimental:  Gene therapy  Bone marrow and Stem Cell transplants  Biological therapies  Proteasome inhibitors  Enzyme activators/blockers Chapter C Change in bowel/bladder habits A A sore that does not heal U Unusual bleeding or discharge T Thickening of tissues (schlerotic change) I Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O Obvious change in a wart/mole N Nagging cough

 Lifestyle choices  Avoid tobacco  Controlling diet and weight  Regular exercise  Protecting skin from the sun  Avoiding environmental and occupational carcinogens Recommended screening tests  Be aware of the early signs and symptoms Chapter 1227

Wellness Worksheet Assignment Chapter 12 Connect Worksheet Due on Wednesday, December 5 th