Enduring Understandings Body Systems Enduring Understandings The body is an exquisite, intricate, interconnected mechanism Knowing how your body works allows you to make appropriate choices and better care for it.

Learning Targets

Essential Questions What are the systems of the body? What makes up each system? How do they work? How does each system affect other systems – how do they interact? What choices can you make to help support each body system?

Structures of the Digestive System Diseases include: Ulcers – of any part Cancer – of any part Appendicitis Gallstones Pancreatitis Ulcerative Colitis/ Chron’s Disease Eating Disorders Structures of the Digestive System Esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & large intestine (colon) Functions: breaks down food so it can provide the minerals, vitamins, proteins, and other substances that produce energy, build and repair tissues, and keep the body functioning The liver transforms toxins into harmless substances that can be excreted.

Injuries and Diseases can include: The Skeletal System Structures ligaments, joints, bones. Types of bones flat, irregular, long, short Flexible Joints Hinge Ball and Socket Pivot Gliding (Ellipsoidal) Functions shapes and provides support for your body protects many vital organs Injuries and Diseases can include: Osteoporosis Fractures Scoliosis Bursitis Bunion Arthritis Torn Cartilage Spina Bifida

The Muscular System If you did not have this system, Structures: tendons and muscles Types of muscles: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac Tendons: connect muscles to bones Voluntary vs. Involuntary Muscles Voluntary: what you can control flexion & extension Involuntary: breathing, digestion If you did not have this system, you would not be able to move or breathe, because your muscles perform these functions. Diseases and Injuries: Fibromyalgia Muscular Dystrophy Hernia Tendonitis Strain or Sprain (RICE)

Integumentary System Layers of the Skin (the STRUCTURES) Epidermis: the top or outside layer, including the nails Dermis: contains main functions of the skin, including: hair follicles, sweat and oil glands Hypodermis: mainly fat MAIN FUNCTIONS – what does it do? waterproofs your body keeps bacteria and viruses out regulates heat The Largest Organ in the Body because it includes the Skin plus all of the Mucous Membranes Diseases and Injuries include: Skin Cancer Eczema Acne

Bladder, Urethra, Sphincter Muscle. The Urinary System Injuries and Diseases include: Kidney Stones Cystitis, Urethritis, Nephritis Bladder Infections Kidney Failure – acute or chronic Main Structures Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra, Sphincter Muscle. Functions: The urinary system cleanses the body by removing waste and toxic substances produced by the body. How does it work? The kidneys filter the blood to create urine. The urine travels through the ureters to the bladder, where it is held until it is emptied through the urethra.

The Respiratory System Injuries and Diseases include: Asthma Bronchitis Emphysema Lung Cancer Lung Punctures Pneumonia Tuberculosis Main Structures of the Respiratory System Sinuses, Trachea, Lungs, Bronchi, Alveoli, Diaphragm Function: Brings oxygen into your body and gets rid of toxins, including carbon dioxide. This system is vital because your muscles, including your heart which supplies oxygen to the body, need oxygen to work.

Cardio-Vascular System Structures: Heart Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Functions: transports nutrients to entire body and picks up waste. Injuries/Diseases include: Stroke Embolism Cardio-vascular Disease Blood Clots Varicose Veins

The Immune System Diseases include: AIDS Arthritis Lymphoma osteo: cartilage breaks down Leukemia rheumatoid: inflammation Allergies Diabetes Function: Defend your body against foreign materials, mainly bacteria and viruses. Structures Bone marrow: Makes white blood cells (leucocytes). Spleen: Forms lymphocytes and destroys your worn out red blood cells. Lymph nodes: Filters filled with lymphocytes that destroy bacteria and viruses. Thymus: Makes T cells, a type of lymphocyte. Antibodies: Proteins used to attack antigens Antigens: Substances that stimulate a response from the immune system. B Cells & T Cells Specialized cells that fight pathogens

The Nervous System Injuries and Diseases include: Epilepsy Cerebral Palsy Concussions Alzheimer’s Disease Meningitis Parkinson’s Disease Spinal Cord Injuries Multiple Sclerosis Care: ??? Structures: brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Parts of the nerve cell: Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Axon Terminal, Synapse (Neurotransmitters – the chemical messengers) Functions: The brain is the center of the nervous system, receiving, sending and interpreting signals. The spinal cord is like a highway, connecting the brain to nerves in all parts of your body. Your nerves are the messengers which the brain uses to communicate and send messages. WHAT WOULD LIFE BE LIKE WITHOUT YOUR NERVOUS SYSTEM???

Presentation Schedule Day 1 1) Skeletal 2) Muscular 3) Integumentary Day 2 1) Urinary 2) Respiratory 3) Cardio-Vascular (Circulatory) Day 3 1) Nervous system 2) Immune system

Body Systems Test Review Systems Review Fill in any missing information for each system in your journal or on note-taking sheet. Structures – what makes up the system Functions – what it does Care – what is the best care for this system? Problems/ Diseases of system Interactions with other systems

Assignments HW: Body System Interactive Journal Check #2 – Body Systems Notes Presentations – Individual & Group grade Reflections on Goal #1: Intellectual Set Goal #2: Social area Body System Test *T/F: if F, then correct for extra points

Decision Making Organ Transplants What is your Body worth? Decision-Making process – ‘Kidney Machine’ John Q segment – Who makes the decisions about organ transplants? And how?