12 th grade worksheet Define/Identify the following

Define/Identify ApolloniaBlaiseBarbara SebastianLawrenceCecilia TarcisiusArianismGnosticism Pacifismapostasy

Christianity Appeal to Jews: *Jesus is the long awaited Messiah * Jesus would lead to freedom from oppression * Salvation Appeal to Gentiles: *old religion too many gods and goddesses interfering with human life *even emperors were gods * many became cynics * Jesus, human face of God, Good News of God’s love for all, solid teaching “love one another” * some one to Believe in, * eternal salvation offered to All

Break from Judiasm Reasons: * Circumcision * dietary laws * persecution of the followers of Jesus by the Sanhedrin, * execution of James the bishop of Jerusalem, * 66CE Jews revolt against Rome and Rome retaliates

Changes from 100CE to 400CE Constantine’s legalizing of Christianity (positive)*brought an end to persecutions * allowed Christians to enter the main stream of society * exempted Christian clergy from taxes * allowed for many Churches to be built (negative) *the government interfered in the administration of the Church * Christians were called upon to serve in the military after years of a pacifist position * Christianity was viewed as aligned with Roman Rule * wealth, property and power accrued

Early Challenges Early Heresies: * Gnosticism – denial of Jesus’ humanity – Apostles Creed * Arianism – denial of Jesus’ Divinity – Council of Nicaea and the Nicene Creed Benefits: *Refining Doctrine * surmounting challenges

Heroes of the Church Paul of Tarsus d.64CE*convert to Jesus *apostle to the Gentiles *leader of the early church *contributor to the Christian Scriptures * helped spread the ‘Good News’ throughout first century world *conducted 3 large missionary journeys Patrick of Ireland * kidnapped into slavery in Ireland *escaped returned home studied for the priesthood * responded to God’s call to convert the Irish *incorporated the culture and customs of the Irish in his converting process (Irish Cross) * built Monasteries as ‘headquarters’ for the Church throughout Ireland centers of learning and faith

Brigid of Kildare 453 *born leader *Christian woman determined to give her life to God * built monasteries for women * built a unique Male and Female Monastery in Kildare * thriving center of artisanship and learning Dominic Guzman *founder of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) *in response to the Albigensian Heresy * mendicant = beggar, the Friars moved from place to place preaching and teaching, living simply, depending on what they were given

Francis of Assisi *founded the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) *dedicated to owning nothing and total dependence and trust in God as well as rebuilding the Church *also a mendicant order Catherine of Siena, Doctor of the Church, mystic ( ), convinced Pope GregoryXI to return to Rome from Avignon in France, served the poor of Siena, mediated disputes between city-states

Church’s Response to Reformation Council of Trent *to bring Protestants and Catholics back together again *to state clearly the principal teachings of the Catholic Church Council of Trent ( ) *Catholic reformation: traditional Catholic faith and practice restored

Trent Faith based on Scripture and Tradition Church(Magesterium) has final word on interpretation of the Bible Grace and Good works=salvation Seven sacraments Christ really present in the Eucharist Mass is a sacrifice

Trent (con’t) Celibacy for priests Bishop must live in his diocese Bishops must end abuse of indulgences Each diocese must set up a seminary to train priests Publishes a Catechism(summary of teachings), Breviary(prayer book for priests), Index(list of forbidden books) Missal(standardized prayers,rituals of the Mass)

New Orders of Religious formed Jesuits*Ignatius Loyola( )*was a wounded soldier, read lives of the saints while recuperating, esp. Dominic and Francis * decided to become a ‘soldier for Christ’* studied for the priesthood* formed a religious Club at the University of Paris*wrote the Spiritual Exercises *founded the Society of Jesus*mission to teach and preach*missionaries throughout the world* special vow of obedience to the Pope

Teresa of Avila Carmelite nun 1562 opened a small convent in Avila to live a more simple, prayerful life than her original Carmelite convent*called the Discalced Carmelites(no shoes, only sandals)*was a mystic, author,reformer*wrote the Interior Castle

Second Vatican Council Pope John XXIII*elected interim pope*kind, jovial, people person, former diplomat for Vatican*convened VCII *aggiornamento=update, open the Church to the ‘signs of the times’* dies before Council is completed*Pope Paul VI concludes the Council* council lasted 3 years, began 1962 closed 1965*lots of preparation

VaticanC II (con’t) Bishops from all over the world, including thr Third World, attended*often the bishops didn’t agree on topics* brought Peritii with them, scholar advisors* also present but not voting, members of other Christian denominations Results: liturgy in the vernacular language, priest faces the people, laity participates in Mass(readers, altar servers can be female)