1. THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION
aka Catholic Reformation

2. Move to Reform
Pope Paul III (r ): Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism, appointed ethical clergy. Called Church Council.
Julius III (r ) worldly pope.
Papacy comes more committed to reform under Paul IV, (r ), Pius IV (r , and Pius V (r )

3. New Religious Orders
Ursuline order of nuns (1544): Sought to combat heresy through Christian education
Discalced Carmelite Nuns (1562) – St. Teresa of Avila ( ), poverty and simple life.
Capuchins (1528) reform of Franciscans
Oratorians (1575) St. Philip Neri
Theatines (1523) improve education of clergy

4. New Religious Orders
Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540): 3 goals—reform church through education, preach
Gospel to pagan peoples, fight Protestantism
Ignatius Loyola ( ): founder; organized in military fashion
Spiritual Exercises: contained ideas used to train Jesuits

5. Spanish and Italian Inquisitions
Spain: persecution of Mariscos (Christian Moors) & Marranos (Christian Jews)
Succeeded in bringing southern German and eastern Europe back to Catholicism
Sacred Congregation of the Holy Order, 1542, in papal states: Roman Inquisition
Index of Prohibited Books: catalogue of forbidden reading
Ended heresy in Papal States; rest of Italy not affected significantly

6. Council of Trent (3 sessions 1545-1563)
Established Catholic dogma four next 4 centuries
Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers
Salvation by both “good works’ and faith
7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed
Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed
approved Index of Forbidden Books

7. Council of Trent
Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, ended nepotism
Bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests.

8. Results of Reformation
The unity of Western Christianity was shattered: Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, Scotland) adopted Protestantism.
Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages.
Abuses remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century.
Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.

9. Results of Reformation
Western European unity destroyed.
England, Germany, Scandinavia, and parts of France, Switzerland, and Scotland = Protestant
Spain and Italy = Catholic
Religious excitement renewed
Some Catholic excesses and abuses reformed (indulgences, improved priests)’
Religious wars through Europe for 100 years