Jamie & Kamilla

WHAT DETERMINES OTHERNESS?. In order to understand somebody ‘We assign him/her to the membership of different groups, according to class, gender, age group, nationality, race, linguistic group, sexual preferences and so on’. (P257). ‘Stereotyping reduces, essentializes, naturalizes, and fixes ‘difference’ (P258). This means stereotyping categorizes ‘What belongs and what doesn’t is automatically considered as other’ (P258). In other words stereotyping negates the way society should label differences and therefore groups within society may become stigmatized.

‘OTHERNESS’ IN RELATION TO GENDER.‘Otherness’ in this context takes the form of power in relation to gender. In order for power to exist there must be an inequality of power. Stereotyping constructs the idea of the ‘other’ as someone who is excluding for the norm and as a result of this possesses less power. In this presentation will be analyzing how different photographers challenge or sub verse against traditional gender stereotypes

LEE MILLER Elizabeth "Lee" Miller, Lady Penrose (April 23, 1907 – July 21, 1977) She was an apprentice to surrealist artist and photographer Man Ray before they eloped Before she became a photographer she was a successful fashion model in New York In the twenties During the second world war Miller found a new career in photo journalism as the official war photographer for the magazine, vogue, photographing the Blitz in particular

EXAMPLES OF MILLER’S WORK

SUBVERSING GENDER ROLES, Conflict from a gender point of view. In the late thirties when the second world war began Woman whether they liked it or not tended to stay at home for a variety of reasons. However Miller like it mentions in the reading challenges and reversed this stereotype of women during the war as she followed and photographed the US troops overseas on D Day. She witnessed many conflicts through her photography including: The siege of St Malo, the liberation of Paris, the fighting in Luxembourg and Alsace, the Russian/American link up at Toragu. Through these conflicts mentioned Miller witnessed things that women wouldn't’t always necessarily see upfront but were still affected by and this resulted in Miller turning to alcoholism through her depression after the war. LEE MILLER IN RELATION TO THE READING AND THE CONCEPT

American Photographer Born in September 12, 1953 The main themes of her pictures are love, gender, domesticity, and sexuality. Her main subjects were women looking in mirrors, girls in bathrooms and barrooms, drag queens, sexual acts, and the culture of obsession and dependency. Obsessive photographer. Was a drug addict. Some work reflected the theme of gender domination NANCY "NAN" GOLDIN

NAN GOLDIN’S WORK:

NAN GOLDIN’S WORK

Gender is usually defined by what society expects to see and Nan Goldin challenges that. By photographing things that aren't usually photographed, she raises awareness and empowers women. Therefore, she challenges the gender stereotypes. RELATION TO THE CONCEPT/READING

DIANE ARBUS (March 14, 1923 – July 26, 1971) American photographer, most famous for photographing ‘deviant and marginal people’ this included people like dwarves, nudists, trans genders etc. Diane was married to Allan Arbus and it was due to both of their interests in photography that they began a commercial photography business together In 1972 Arbus was the first American photographer to have her work showcased at the Venice Biennale, an estimation of 7 million people were of said to have seen the exhibition Arbus took her own life in 71’ due to up and down depressive episodes

EXAMPLES OF ARBUS’ WORK

REPRESENTATION It can be argued that all artists are fairly similar and therefore they all relate to the reading. This is because they were successful in photographing ‘freaks’. Arbus in particular through her work gives a platform for ‘deviant looking’ people and represents them in a positive light, Arbus highlighted the notion that people are not perfect and are allowed to have flaws and although Arbus got a lot of stick for this and people called her ‘the photographer of freaks’ she relates to the reading in terms of opening up a representation for a group of people in her case the subjects she photographs whether they be a dwarf, disabled, giant, transgender she turns flaws that other people want to see in them into a positive representation through her photography. DIANE ARBUS IN RELATION TO THE READING…

Born in 1985 in Sussex, Muslim She completed a BA in Fine Art from Kingston University. Won the '4 New Sensations' award for emerging artists. Uses her experiences with and observations of discrimination as the central component of her art. Maple is a supporter of gender equality SARAH MAPPLE

SARAH MAPPLE’S WORK

SARA MAPLE’S WORK

Sarah Maple subverts gender stereotypes because she challenges what the mass media imposes on women. Takes a feministic approach and empowers women to go against stereotypes. RELATION TO THE READING/CONCEPT

Hall, Stuart (2011). ‘The spectacle of the other.’ Discourse theory and practice: A reader, pp: Goldin, Nan (2015). The Biography.com website. Available from: [Accessed 10 Feb 2015] BIBLIOGRAPHY